FIG. 1. Electrode 200 comprises a metal core 210 and a graphene passivation layer 220 covered the entire surface of metal core 210. An electrically insulating …

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a conductive contact on the side of the electrode.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a 25 passivation layer formed on a portion of the metal conductive core.

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode array formed on a substrate.

FIG. 5, a plurality of electrodes 500 are formed on a substrate 560. Each electrode 500 comprises a metal layer 510 and a graphene passivation layer 520 …

FIG. 6. As shown in

FIG. 7 is a photograph of an array of graphene passivated single electrodes fabricated on a silicon carrier wafer.

FIG. 8). To evoke epileptiform activity, crystals of bicuculline methiodide were applied directly to the recording site. Since the aim of the experiment was to …

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a process for making an graphene- 35 passivated electrode array.

FIG. 10), while the graphene-coated gold electrode did not show any faradaic peaks, confirmed that the graphene acted as a protective layer covering the gold …

FIGS. 11 and 12). To measure the stability of graphene on metal surfaces, Raman spectroscopy 5 was measured on graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in PBS …

FIG. 12 is a graph of potentiodynamic polarizations tests for silver and graphene-coated silver electrodes. 5

FIG. 13 is a Raman spectrograph of graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in phosphate- buffered saline solution over time.

FIG. 14. An order of magnitude decrease in the electrode impedance with respect to the bare gold electrode was achieved at low frequencies. Reduction of …

FIG. 15) carried out on the same gold, 20 graphene, and doped graphene show a 5x increase in charge storage capacity for the doped graphene electrode, which …

FIG. 16.

FIG. 17. The doped graphene electrode achieved a significant reduction in 60Hz electrical interference noise and its harmonics. The 15 power of electrical …

FIG. 18). The suppression of electrical interference noise suggests a clear advantage for studying brain computation in the low local field potential range …

FIG. 19 shows a 16-electrode transparent array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions. 25

FIG. 20 shows an 8-electrode hippocampal slice array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions.

FIG. 21 shows an illustration of a minimally-invasive depth penetrating electrode array.

FIG. 22 shows an illustration of a large area, high-density surface array. 20 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the present invention relates …

FIG. 1. Electrode 200 comprises a metal core 210 and a graphene passivation layer 220 covered the entire surface of metal core 210. An electrically insulating …

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a conductive contact on the side of the electrode.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a 25 passivation layer formed on a portion of the metal conductive core.

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode array formed on a substrate.

FIG. 5, a plurality of electrodes 500 are formed on a substrate 560. Each electrode 500 comprises a metal layer 510 and a graphene passivation layer 520 …

FIG. 6. As shown in

FIG. 7 is a photograph of an array of graphene passivated single electrodes fabricated on a silicon carrier wafer.

FIG. 8). To evoke epileptiform activity, crystals of bicuculline methiodide were applied directly to the recording site. Since the aim of the experiment was to …

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a process for making an graphene- 35 passivated electrode array.

FIG. 10), while the graphene-coated gold electrode did not show any faradaic peaks, confirmed that the graphene acted as a protective layer covering the gold …

FIGS. 11 and 12). To measure the stability of graphene on metal surfaces, Raman spectroscopy 5 was measured on graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in PBS …

FIG. 12 is a graph of potentiodynamic polarizations tests for silver and graphene-coated silver electrodes. 5

FIG. 13 is a Raman spectrograph of graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in phosphate- buffered saline solution over time.

FIG. 14. An order of magnitude decrease in the electrode impedance with respect to the bare gold electrode was achieved at low frequencies. Reduction of …

FIG. 15) carried out on the same gold, 20 graphene, and doped graphene show a 5x increase in charge storage capacity for the doped graphene electrode, which …

FIG. 16.

FIG. 17. The doped graphene electrode achieved a significant reduction in 60Hz electrical interference noise and its harmonics. The 15 power of electrical …

FIG. 18). The suppression of electrical interference noise suggests a clear advantage for studying brain computation in the low local field potential range …

FIG. 19 shows a 16-electrode transparent array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions. 25

FIG. 20 shows an 8-electrode hippocampal slice array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions.

FIG. 21 shows an illustration of a minimally-invasive depth penetrating electrode array.

FIG. 22 shows an illustration of a large area, high-density surface array. 20 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the present invention relates …

FIG. 1. Electrode 200 comprises a metal core 210 and a graphene passivation layer 220 covered the entire surface of metal core 210. An electrically insulating …

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a conductive contact on the side of the electrode.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a 25 passivation layer formed on a portion of the metal conductive core.

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode array formed on a substrate.

FIG. 5, a plurality of electrodes 500 are formed on a substrate 560. Each electrode 500 comprises a metal layer 510 and a graphene passivation layer 520 …

FIG. 6. As shown in

FIG. 7 is a photograph of an array of graphene passivated single electrodes fabricated on a silicon carrier wafer.

FIG. 8). To evoke epileptiform activity, crystals of bicuculline methiodide were applied directly to the recording site. Since the aim of the experiment was to …

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a process for making an graphene- 35 passivated electrode array.

FIG. 10), while the graphene-coated gold electrode did not show any faradaic peaks, confirmed that the graphene acted as a protective layer covering the gold …

FIGS. 11 and 12). To measure the stability of graphene on metal surfaces, Raman spectroscopy 5 was measured on graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in PBS …

FIG. 12 is a graph of potentiodynamic polarizations tests for silver and graphene-coated silver electrodes. 5

FIG. 13 is a Raman spectrograph of graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in phosphate- buffered saline solution over time.

FIG. 14. An order of magnitude decrease in the electrode impedance with respect to the bare gold electrode was achieved at low frequencies. Reduction of …

FIG. 15) carried out on the same gold, 20 graphene, and doped graphene show a 5x increase in charge storage capacity for the doped graphene electrode, which …

FIG. 16.

FIG. 17. The doped graphene electrode achieved a significant reduction in 60Hz electrical interference noise and its harmonics. The 15 power of electrical …

FIG. 18). The suppression of electrical interference noise suggests a clear advantage for studying brain computation in the low local field potential range …

FIG. 19 shows a 16-electrode transparent array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions. 25

FIG. 20 shows an 8-electrode hippocampal slice array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions.

FIG. 21 shows an illustration of a minimally-invasive depth penetrating electrode array.

FIG. 22 shows an illustration of a large area, high-density surface array. 20 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the present invention relates …

FIG. 1. Electrode 200 comprises a metal core 210 and a graphene passivation layer 220 covered the entire surface of metal core 210. An electrically insulating …

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a conductive contact on the side of the electrode.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode having a 25 passivation layer formed on a portion of the metal conductive core.

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an implantable electrode array formed on a substrate.

FIG. 5, a plurality of electrodes 500 are formed on a substrate 560. Each electrode 500 comprises a metal layer 510 and a graphene passivation layer 520 …

FIG. 6. As shown in

FIG. 7 is a photograph of an array of graphene passivated single electrodes fabricated on a silicon carrier wafer.

FIG. 8). To evoke epileptiform activity, crystals of bicuculline methiodide were applied directly to the recording site. Since the aim of the experiment was to …

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a process for making an graphene- 35 passivated electrode array.

FIG. 10), while the graphene-coated gold electrode did not show any faradaic peaks, confirmed that the graphene acted as a protective layer covering the gold …

FIGS. 11 and 12). To measure the stability of graphene on metal surfaces, Raman spectroscopy 5 was measured on graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in PBS …

FIG. 12 is a graph of potentiodynamic polarizations tests for silver and graphene-coated silver electrodes. 5

FIG. 13 is a Raman spectrograph of graphene-coated gold electrodes dipped in phosphate- buffered saline solution over time.

FIG. 14. An order of magnitude decrease in the electrode impedance with respect to the bare gold electrode was achieved at low frequencies. Reduction of …

FIG. 15) carried out on the same gold, 20 graphene, and doped graphene show a 5x increase in charge storage capacity for the doped graphene electrode, which …

FIG. 16.

FIG. 17. The doped graphene electrode achieved a significant reduction in 60Hz electrical interference noise and its harmonics. The 15 power of electrical …

FIG. 18). The suppression of electrical interference noise suggests a clear advantage for studying brain computation in the low local field potential range …

FIG. 19 shows a 16-electrode transparent array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions. 25

FIG. 20 shows an 8-electrode hippocampal slice array, with an enlarged portion showing the exposed contacts as square-shaped regions.

FIG. 21 shows an illustration of a minimally-invasive depth penetrating electrode array.

FIG. 22 shows an illustration of a large area, high-density surface array. 20 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the present invention relates …