Patent
US 10,233,087HIGHLY CRYSTALLINE 3D GRAPHENE
Marcus A. Worsley
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,233,087Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Figure 2: (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for GMA at different annealing temperatures. (b) GMA surface area (BET) and pore volume (BJH) vs annealing temperature. GMA pore size distributions in the (c) meso- and (d) micropore regimes.
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
Figure 8: Load vs displacement curves for GMA annealed at a) 1050 ° C, b) 1500 0 C, c) 2000 ° C, and d) 2500 ° C. The size of the hysteresis loop between the loading and unloading curves increases with increasing temperature, suggesting increasing energy dissipation. The % SVG …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A composition comprising at least one graphene aerogel comprising a three-dimensional structure of graphene sheets, wherein the graphene sheets are covalently interconnected, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which ID/I G is 0.7 or less, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 200-600 S/m and a density of 80 mg/ml or less, and wherein the graphene aerogel is produced by a process comprising thermal annealing at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C. Currently amended
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which I G/I G is 0.5 or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an average crystallite size L a of 30 nm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 300-600 S/m. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an oxidation temperature To of 700 0 C or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Young's modulus of 50 MPa or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a density of 60 mg/ml or less. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a BET surface area of 300 m 2/g or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a pore volume of at least 1 cm 3/g. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore volume of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore number of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein 7 0% or more of the covalent bonds interconnecting the graphene sheets are sp 2 carbon bonds. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an atomic oxygen content of % or less. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel is in the form of a monolith having at least one lateral dimension of 1 mm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel consists essentially of covalently interconnected graphene sheets. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition does not comprise a macroporous foam. Previously presented
(Or ig inal) A device comprising the composition of claim 1. Original
A method for making a graphene aerogel, comprising: preparing a mixture comprising a graphene oxide suspension and at least one catalyst; curing the mixture to produce a wet gel; drying the wet gel to produce a dry gel; and thermally annealing the dry gel at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C to produce the graphene aerogel. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the dry gel is thermally annealed at a temperature of 2000-3000 0 C. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the mixture consists essentially of the graphene oxide, the catalyst, and at least one solvent. Withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
device comprising graphene aerogel
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene aerogel
graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
ID/IG Raman ratio | ≤ 0.7 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity | 200–600 S/m |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,233,087Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Figure 2: (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for GMA at different annealing temperatures. (b) GMA surface area (BET) and pore volume (BJH) vs annealing temperature. GMA pore size distributions in the (c) meso- and (d) micropore regimes.
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
Figure 8: Load vs displacement curves for GMA annealed at a) 1050 ° C, b) 1500 0 C, c) 2000 ° C, and d) 2500 ° C. The size of the hysteresis loop between the loading and unloading curves increases with increasing temperature, suggesting increasing energy dissipation. The % SVG …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A composition comprising at least one graphene aerogel comprising a three-dimensional structure of graphene sheets, wherein the graphene sheets are covalently interconnected, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which ID/I G is 0.7 or less, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 200-600 S/m and a density of 80 mg/ml or less, and wherein the graphene aerogel is produced by a process comprising thermal annealing at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C. Currently amended
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which I G/I G is 0.5 or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an average crystallite size L a of 30 nm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 300-600 S/m. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an oxidation temperature To of 700 0 C or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Young's modulus of 50 MPa or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a density of 60 mg/ml or less. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a BET surface area of 300 m 2/g or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a pore volume of at least 1 cm 3/g. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore volume of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore number of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein 7 0% or more of the covalent bonds interconnecting the graphene sheets are sp 2 carbon bonds. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an atomic oxygen content of % or less. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel is in the form of a monolith having at least one lateral dimension of 1 mm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel consists essentially of covalently interconnected graphene sheets. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition does not comprise a macroporous foam. Previously presented
(Or ig inal) A device comprising the composition of claim 1. Original
A method for making a graphene aerogel, comprising: preparing a mixture comprising a graphene oxide suspension and at least one catalyst; curing the mixture to produce a wet gel; drying the wet gel to produce a dry gel; and thermally annealing the dry gel at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C to produce the graphene aerogel. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the dry gel is thermally annealed at a temperature of 2000-3000 0 C. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the mixture consists essentially of the graphene oxide, the catalyst, and at least one solvent. Withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
device comprising graphene aerogel
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene aerogel
graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
ID/IG Raman ratio | ≤ 0.7 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity | 200–600 S/m |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,233,087Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Figure 2: (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for GMA at different annealing temperatures. (b) GMA surface area (BET) and pore volume (BJH) vs annealing temperature. GMA pore size distributions in the (c) meso- and (d) micropore regimes.
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
Figure 8: Load vs displacement curves for GMA annealed at a) 1050 ° C, b) 1500 0 C, c) 2000 ° C, and d) 2500 ° C. The size of the hysteresis loop between the loading and unloading curves increases with increasing temperature, suggesting increasing energy dissipation. The % SVG …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A composition comprising at least one graphene aerogel comprising a three-dimensional structure of graphene sheets, wherein the graphene sheets are covalently interconnected, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which ID/I G is 0.7 or less, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 200-600 S/m and a density of 80 mg/ml or less, and wherein the graphene aerogel is produced by a process comprising thermal annealing at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C. Currently amended
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which I G/I G is 0.5 or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an average crystallite size L a of 30 nm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 300-600 S/m. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an oxidation temperature To of 700 0 C or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Young's modulus of 50 MPa or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a density of 60 mg/ml or less. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a BET surface area of 300 m 2/g or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a pore volume of at least 1 cm 3/g. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore volume of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore number of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein 7 0% or more of the covalent bonds interconnecting the graphene sheets are sp 2 carbon bonds. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an atomic oxygen content of % or less. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel is in the form of a monolith having at least one lateral dimension of 1 mm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel consists essentially of covalently interconnected graphene sheets. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition does not comprise a macroporous foam. Previously presented
(Or ig inal) A device comprising the composition of claim 1. Original
A method for making a graphene aerogel, comprising: preparing a mixture comprising a graphene oxide suspension and at least one catalyst; curing the mixture to produce a wet gel; drying the wet gel to produce a dry gel; and thermally annealing the dry gel at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C to produce the graphene aerogel. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the dry gel is thermally annealed at a temperature of 2000-3000 0 C. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the mixture consists essentially of the graphene oxide, the catalyst, and at least one solvent. Withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
device comprising graphene aerogel
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene aerogel
graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
ID/IG Raman ratio | ≤ 0.7 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity | 200–600 S/m |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,233,087Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Figure 2: (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for GMA at different annealing temperatures. (b) GMA surface area (BET) and pore volume (BJH) vs annealing temperature. GMA pore size distributions in the (c) meso- and (d) micropore regimes.
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
Figure 8: Load vs displacement curves for GMA annealed at a) 1050 ° C, b) 1500 0 C, c) 2000 ° C, and d) 2500 ° C. The size of the hysteresis loop between the loading and unloading curves increases with increasing temperature, suggesting increasing energy dissipation. The % SVG …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A composition comprising at least one graphene aerogel comprising a three-dimensional structure of graphene sheets, wherein the graphene sheets are covalently interconnected, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which ID/I G is 0.7 or less, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 200-600 S/m and a density of 80 mg/ml or less, and wherein the graphene aerogel is produced by a process comprising thermal annealing at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C. Currently amended
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Raman spectra in which I G/I G is 0.5 or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an average crystallite size L a of 30 nm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an electrical conductivity of 300-600 S/m. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an oxidation temperature To of 700 0 C or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a Young's modulus of 50 MPa or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a density of 60 mg/ml or less. Previously presented
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a BET surface area of 300 m 2/g or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has a pore volume of at least 1 cm 3/g. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore volume of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein pores having a diameter of 100 nm or less account for 50 % or more of the total pore number of the graphene aerogel. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein 7 0% or more of the covalent bonds interconnecting the graphene sheets are sp 2 carbon bonds. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel has an atomic oxygen content of % or less. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel is in the form of a monolith having at least one lateral dimension of 1 mm or more. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the graphene aerogel consists essentially of covalently interconnected graphene sheets. Original
The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition does not comprise a macroporous foam. Previously presented
(Or ig inal) A device comprising the composition of claim 1. Original
A method for making a graphene aerogel, comprising: preparing a mixture comprising a graphene oxide suspension and at least one catalyst; curing the mixture to produce a wet gel; drying the wet gel to produce a dry gel; and thermally annealing the dry gel at a temperature of 1500-3500 0 C to produce the graphene aerogel. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the dry gel is thermally annealed at a temperature of 2000-3000 0 C. Withdrawn
The method of claim 17, wherein the mixture consists essentially of the graphene oxide, the catalyst, and at least one solvent. Withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
device comprising graphene aerogel
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene aerogel
graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1: Highly crystalline graphene aerogels with excellent electrical conductivity obtained at high annealing temperatures.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
ID/IG Raman ratio | ≤ 0.7 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity | 200–600 S/m |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
bulk density | ≤ 80 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
IG'/IG Raman ratio | ≥ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La | ≥ 30 nm | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity (narrower range) | 300–600 S/m | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To | ≥ 700 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density (narrower range) | ≤ 60 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore volume from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore number from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of covalent bonds that are sp2 carbon bonds | ≥ 70 % | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity from description | ≥ 200 S/m | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area from description | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume from description | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To from description | ≥ 600 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus from description | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density from description | ≤ 200 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La (Cancado method) from description | ≥ 20 nm | graphene aerogel |
— | 280–330 eV | — |
Thickness | 3–6 mm | — |
Pressure | 90–143 MPa | — |
Pressure | 0.00001 Torr | — |
Thickness | 100–3200 cm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 1500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≤ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 900 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 40 nm | — |
Duration | 0.25–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–3000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
bulk density | ≤ 80 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
IG'/IG Raman ratio | ≥ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La | ≥ 30 nm | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity (narrower range) | 300–600 S/m | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To | ≥ 700 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density (narrower range) | ≤ 60 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore volume from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore number from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of covalent bonds that are sp2 carbon bonds | ≥ 70 % | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity from description | ≥ 200 S/m | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area from description | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume from description | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To from description | ≥ 600 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus from description | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density from description | ≤ 200 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La (Cancado method) from description | ≥ 20 nm | graphene aerogel |
— | 280–330 eV | — |
Thickness | 3–6 mm | — |
Pressure | 90–143 MPa | — |
Pressure | 0.00001 Torr | — |
Thickness | 100–3200 cm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 1500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≤ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 900 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 40 nm | — |
Duration | 0.25–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–3000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
bulk density | ≤ 80 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
IG'/IG Raman ratio | ≥ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La | ≥ 30 nm | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity (narrower range) | 300–600 S/m | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To | ≥ 700 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density (narrower range) | ≤ 60 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore volume from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore number from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of covalent bonds that are sp2 carbon bonds | ≥ 70 % | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity from description | ≥ 200 S/m | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area from description | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume from description | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To from description | ≥ 600 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus from description | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density from description | ≤ 200 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La (Cancado method) from description | ≥ 20 nm | graphene aerogel |
— | 280–330 eV | — |
Thickness | 3–6 mm | — |
Pressure | 90–143 MPa | — |
Pressure | 0.00001 Torr | — |
Thickness | 100–3200 cm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 1500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≤ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 900 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 40 nm | — |
Duration | 0.25–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–3000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |
Figure 3: HRTEM images of GMA annealed at (a, b) 1050 ° C, (c, d) 1500 ° C, (e, f, i) 2000 ° C, and (g, h, j, k) 2500 ° C. Scale bar is 50 nm in (a), (c), (e), and (g). Scale bar is 10 nm in (b), (d), (f), (h), and (i). Scale bar is 2 nm in (j) and (k).
Figure 4: (a) XRD patterns for GMA at different annealing temperatures. Smooth lines denote peak fits for (100) and (101) diffraction peaks. (b) Plots of (002) diffraction angle and full width at half-maximum (fwhm) for GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) XAS spectra for GMA after annealing at different …
Figure 5: (a) Raman spectra for GMA after annealing at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 0 C. (b) Plot of Raman ID/IG and IG '/IG for GMA vs annealing temperature and (c) crystallite size, La, of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 6: (a) TGA curves for the GMA treated at 1050, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ° C. (b) Oxidation temperature, To, of GMA vs annealing temperature. (c) Young's modulus and energy loss for GMA vs annealing temperature. (d) Bulk density and electrical conductivity of GMA vs annealing temperature.
Figure 7: Plot of the mass loss rate (dm/dT) as a function of temperature for the GMA treated at 1050 ° C, 1500 ° C, 2000 ° C, and 2500 ° C. The temperature at the peak of each curve is taken as the oxidation temperature, To. The first derivative (rate of mass loss) of the TGA curves, dm/dT, where m …
bulk density | ≤ 80 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
IG'/IG Raman ratio | ≥ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La | ≥ 30 nm | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity (narrower range) | 300–600 S/m | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To | ≥ 700 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density (narrower range) | ≤ 60 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore volume from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of pore number from pores ≤100 nm diameter | ≥ 50 % | graphene aerogel |
fraction of covalent bonds that are sp2 carbon bonds | ≥ 70 % | graphene aerogel |
electrical conductivity from description | ≥ 200 S/m | graphene aerogel |
BET surface area from description | ≥ 300 m2/g | graphene aerogel |
total pore volume from description | ≥ 1 cm3/g | graphene aerogel |
oxidation temperature To from description | ≥ 600 °C | graphene aerogel |
Young's modulus from description | ≥ 50 MPa | graphene aerogel |
bulk density from description | ≤ 200 mg/ml | graphene aerogel |
average crystallite size La (Cancado method) from description | ≥ 20 nm | graphene aerogel |
— | 280–330 eV | — |
Thickness | 3–6 mm | — |
Pressure | 90–143 MPa | — |
Pressure | 0.00001 Torr | — |
Thickness | 100–3200 cm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 1500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≤ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 900 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 40 nm | — |
Duration | 0.25–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–3000 °C | — |
Temperature | 2000–2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |