Patent
US 9,773,622Porous Particles of Interconnected 3D Graphene as a Supercapacitor Electrode Active Material and Production Process
Aruna Zhamu, Bor Z. Jang
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,773,622Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
FIG.3 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 4 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 5 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MCMBs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 ° C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said MCMBs include carbonized or graphitized MCMBs that have been previously heat-treated at a temperature from 500°C to 3,200CC; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a wet layer and removing said liquid medium from said wet layer to form said supercapacitor electrode, which is composed of said multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of from I to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Currently amended
The process of claim 1, wherein said activating agent is selected from H 3 PO 4, H 2 S O 4, ZnC l 2, Na O H, KOH, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), or a combination thereof. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said chemical activation is conducted before, during, and after a physical activation. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said activation temperature is from 300 0 C. to 1,000 C. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple porous particles are substantially spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple pores have a pore size in the range of 2 nm and 25 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments contain an amount of non-carbon elements so that the inter-graphene spacing is increased from an inter-graphene spacing of 0.336 nm, for MC M Bs prior to chemical activation, to a range of from 0.337 nm to 0.65 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from an organic or conducting polymer and/or a transition metal oxide. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from Ru G 2, IrO 2, Ni O, Mn O 2, VO x, TiO 2, Cr 2 0 3, Co 3, Pb O 2, A g 2 0, MoC x, Mo 2 N, WC x, WN x, and combinations thereof. Previously presented
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further functionalized with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of SO 3, R'COX, R'(COOH) 2, CN, R'CH 2 X, OH, R'CHO, R'CN, wherein R' is a hydrocarbon radical, and wherein X is -NH 2, OH, or a halogen. Original
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with an intrinsically conductive polymer to form a redox pair for inducing pseudocapacitance. Original
A supercapacitor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a porous separator disposed between the first and the second electrode, and an electrolyte in physical contact with the first and second electrodes, wherein at least one of the two electrodes is prepared by the process of claim 1, wherein said at least one electrode contains multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range from 1 nm to 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of 1 to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Withdrawn
The supercapacitor of claim 12 wherein both of the first electrode and the second electrode are produced by the process of claim 1. Withdrawn
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MC M Bs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 0 C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said salt is selected from ZnCl 2, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), a combination thereof, or a combination thereof with Na O H, KOH, or both; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a said wet layer to form said supercapacitor particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous continuous or naturally interconnected graphene carbon atoms. New wet layer and removing said liquid medium from electrodewhich is composed of said multiple porous comprising multiple pores having a pore size 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising ligaments of from 1 to 20 graphene planes of
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor electrode
supercapacitor cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
porous particles of monolithic 3D graphene (chemically activated MCMBs)
meso-carbon micro-beads (MCMBs)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–50 nm | — |
Duration |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,773,622Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
FIG.3 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 4 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 5 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MCMBs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 ° C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said MCMBs include carbonized or graphitized MCMBs that have been previously heat-treated at a temperature from 500°C to 3,200CC; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a wet layer and removing said liquid medium from said wet layer to form said supercapacitor electrode, which is composed of said multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of from I to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Currently amended
The process of claim 1, wherein said activating agent is selected from H 3 PO 4, H 2 S O 4, ZnC l 2, Na O H, KOH, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), or a combination thereof. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said chemical activation is conducted before, during, and after a physical activation. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said activation temperature is from 300 0 C. to 1,000 C. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple porous particles are substantially spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple pores have a pore size in the range of 2 nm and 25 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments contain an amount of non-carbon elements so that the inter-graphene spacing is increased from an inter-graphene spacing of 0.336 nm, for MC M Bs prior to chemical activation, to a range of from 0.337 nm to 0.65 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from an organic or conducting polymer and/or a transition metal oxide. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from Ru G 2, IrO 2, Ni O, Mn O 2, VO x, TiO 2, Cr 2 0 3, Co 3, Pb O 2, A g 2 0, MoC x, Mo 2 N, WC x, WN x, and combinations thereof. Previously presented
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further functionalized with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of SO 3, R'COX, R'(COOH) 2, CN, R'CH 2 X, OH, R'CHO, R'CN, wherein R' is a hydrocarbon radical, and wherein X is -NH 2, OH, or a halogen. Original
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with an intrinsically conductive polymer to form a redox pair for inducing pseudocapacitance. Original
A supercapacitor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a porous separator disposed between the first and the second electrode, and an electrolyte in physical contact with the first and second electrodes, wherein at least one of the two electrodes is prepared by the process of claim 1, wherein said at least one electrode contains multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range from 1 nm to 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of 1 to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Withdrawn
The supercapacitor of claim 12 wherein both of the first electrode and the second electrode are produced by the process of claim 1. Withdrawn
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MC M Bs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 0 C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said salt is selected from ZnCl 2, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), a combination thereof, or a combination thereof with Na O H, KOH, or both; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a said wet layer to form said supercapacitor particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous continuous or naturally interconnected graphene carbon atoms. New wet layer and removing said liquid medium from electrodewhich is composed of said multiple porous comprising multiple pores having a pore size 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising ligaments of from 1 to 20 graphene planes of
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor electrode
supercapacitor cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
porous particles of monolithic 3D graphene (chemically activated MCMBs)
meso-carbon micro-beads (MCMBs)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–50 nm | — |
Duration |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,773,622Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
FIG.3 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 4 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 5 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MCMBs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 ° C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said MCMBs include carbonized or graphitized MCMBs that have been previously heat-treated at a temperature from 500°C to 3,200CC; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a wet layer and removing said liquid medium from said wet layer to form said supercapacitor electrode, which is composed of said multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of from I to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Currently amended
The process of claim 1, wherein said activating agent is selected from H 3 PO 4, H 2 S O 4, ZnC l 2, Na O H, KOH, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), or a combination thereof. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said chemical activation is conducted before, during, and after a physical activation. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said activation temperature is from 300 0 C. to 1,000 C. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple porous particles are substantially spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple pores have a pore size in the range of 2 nm and 25 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments contain an amount of non-carbon elements so that the inter-graphene spacing is increased from an inter-graphene spacing of 0.336 nm, for MC M Bs prior to chemical activation, to a range of from 0.337 nm to 0.65 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from an organic or conducting polymer and/or a transition metal oxide. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from Ru G 2, IrO 2, Ni O, Mn O 2, VO x, TiO 2, Cr 2 0 3, Co 3, Pb O 2, A g 2 0, MoC x, Mo 2 N, WC x, WN x, and combinations thereof. Previously presented
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further functionalized with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of SO 3, R'COX, R'(COOH) 2, CN, R'CH 2 X, OH, R'CHO, R'CN, wherein R' is a hydrocarbon radical, and wherein X is -NH 2, OH, or a halogen. Original
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with an intrinsically conductive polymer to form a redox pair for inducing pseudocapacitance. Original
A supercapacitor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a porous separator disposed between the first and the second electrode, and an electrolyte in physical contact with the first and second electrodes, wherein at least one of the two electrodes is prepared by the process of claim 1, wherein said at least one electrode contains multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range from 1 nm to 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of 1 to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Withdrawn
The supercapacitor of claim 12 wherein both of the first electrode and the second electrode are produced by the process of claim 1. Withdrawn
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MC M Bs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 0 C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said salt is selected from ZnCl 2, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), a combination thereof, or a combination thereof with Na O H, KOH, or both; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a said wet layer to form said supercapacitor particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous continuous or naturally interconnected graphene carbon atoms. New wet layer and removing said liquid medium from electrodewhich is composed of said multiple porous comprising multiple pores having a pore size 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising ligaments of from 1 to 20 graphene planes of
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor electrode
supercapacitor cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
porous particles of monolithic 3D graphene (chemically activated MCMBs)
meso-carbon micro-beads (MCMBs)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–50 nm | — |
Duration |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,773,622Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
FIG.3 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 4 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
FIG. 5 Ragone plots (both gravimetric and volumetric energy densities vs. corresponding gravimetric and volumetric power densities) of representative …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MCMBs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 ° C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said MCMBs include carbonized or graphitized MCMBs that have been previously heat-treated at a temperature from 500°C to 3,200CC; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a wet layer and removing said liquid medium from said wet layer to form said supercapacitor electrode, which is composed of said multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of from I to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Currently amended
The process of claim 1, wherein said activating agent is selected from H 3 PO 4, H 2 S O 4, ZnC l 2, Na O H, KOH, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), or a combination thereof. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said chemical activation is conducted before, during, and after a physical activation. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said activation temperature is from 300 0 C. to 1,000 C. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple porous particles are substantially spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said multiple pores have a pore size in the range of 2 nm and 25 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments contain an amount of non-carbon elements so that the inter-graphene spacing is increased from an inter-graphene spacing of 0.336 nm, for MC M Bs prior to chemical activation, to a range of from 0.337 nm to 0.65 nm. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from an organic or conducting polymer and/or a transition metal oxide. Original
The process of claim 1, wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with a redox pair partner material selected from Ru G 2, IrO 2, Ni O, Mn O 2, VO x, TiO 2, Cr 2 0 3, Co 3, Pb O 2, A g 2 0, MoC x, Mo 2 N, WC x, WN x, and combinations thereof. Previously presented
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further functionalized with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of SO 3, R'COX, R'(COOH) 2, CN, R'CH 2 X, OH, R'CHO, R'CN, wherein R' is a hydrocarbon radical, and wherein X is -NH 2, OH, or a halogen. Original
The process of claim 1 wherein said graphene ligaments are further deposited with an intrinsically conductive polymer to form a redox pair for inducing pseudocapacitance. Original
A supercapacitor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a porous separator disposed between the first and the second electrode, and an electrolyte in physical contact with the first and second electrodes, wherein at least one of the two electrodes is prepared by the process of claim 1, wherein said at least one electrode contains multiple porous particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure comprising multiple pores having a pore size in the range from 1 nm to 50 nm and a continuous 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising continuous or naturally interconnected graphene ligaments of 1 to 20 graphene planes of carbon atoms. Withdrawn
The supercapacitor of claim 12 wherein both of the first electrode and the second electrode are produced by the process of claim 1. Withdrawn
A process for producing a supercapacitor electrode, said process comprising (a) subjecting multiple particles of meso-carbon micro-beads, MC M Bs, to a chemical activation with an activating agent selected from an acid, a base, or a salt at an activation temperature from 100 0 C to 1,200 ° C for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours sufficient to produce multiple porous particles, wherein said salt is selected from ZnCl 2, CaCl 2, CH 3 CO 2 K (potassium acetate), a combination thereof, or a combination thereof with Na O H, KOH, or both; (b) producing a suspension containing said multiple porous particles, an optional conductive additive, and an optional resin binder in a liquid medium; and (c) depositing said suspension onto at least a primary surface of a current collector to form a said wet layer to form said supercapacitor particles each of a monolithic 3D graphene structure in the range of 1 nm and 50 nm and a continuous continuous or naturally interconnected graphene carbon atoms. New wet layer and removing said liquid medium from electrodewhich is composed of said multiple porous comprising multiple pores having a pore size 3D network of graphene pore walls comprising ligaments of from 1 to 20 graphene planes of
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor electrode
supercapacitor cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
porous particles of monolithic 3D graphene (chemically activated MCMBs)
meso-carbon micro-beads (MCMBs)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of isolated graphene sheets, which are significantly re-stacked together.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–50 nm | — |
Duration |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
chemical activating agent
redox pair partner material (organic or conducting polymer and/or transition metal oxide)
transition metal oxide/carbide/nitride redox materials
intrinsically conductive polymer
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
| 900–7200 s |
| — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.335–0.336 nm | — |
— | 4–8 W | — |
Duration | 0.5–12 hours | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
— | ≤ 30 W | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–1200 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.65 nm | — |
— | ≤ 15 W | — |
chemical activating agent
redox pair partner material (organic or conducting polymer and/or transition metal oxide)
transition metal oxide/carbide/nitride redox materials
intrinsically conductive polymer
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
| 900–7200 s |
| — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.335–0.336 nm | — |
— | 4–8 W | — |
Duration | 0.5–12 hours | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
— | ≤ 30 W | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–1200 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.65 nm | — |
— | ≤ 15 W | — |
chemical activating agent
redox pair partner material (organic or conducting polymer and/or transition metal oxide)
transition metal oxide/carbide/nitride redox materials
intrinsically conductive polymer
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
| 900–7200 s |
| — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.335–0.336 nm | — |
— | 4–8 W | — |
Duration | 0.5–12 hours | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
— | ≤ 30 W | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–1200 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.65 nm | — |
— | ≤ 15 W | — |
chemical activating agent
redox pair partner material (organic or conducting polymer and/or transition metal oxide)
transition metal oxide/carbide/nitride redox materials
intrinsically conductive polymer
FIG.2 Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of MCMBs before activation (top image) 25 and after heavy activation (bottom image), exposing skeletons of …
| 900–7200 s |
| — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.335–0.336 nm | — |
— | 4–8 W | — |
Duration | 0.5–12 hours | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
— | ≤ 30 W | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 2 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–1200 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.65 nm | — |
— | ≤ 15 W | — |