Abstract

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key bioelectronic devices, with applications in neuromorphics, sensing, and flexible electronics. However, their microfabrication typically relies on precious metal contacts manufactured via cleanroom processes. Here, we present a high-throughput additive-subtractive microfabrication strategy for metal-free, flexible OECTs using biodegradable materials and room-temperature processing. Additive manufacturing of large features is achieved via extrusion printing of a water-dispersed graphene ink to fabricate electrode contacts, and spin-coating of a cellulose acetate ink to form both the substrate and encapsulation layer. Combined with femtosecond laser ablation, this approach enables micrometer-resolution patterning of free-standing OECTs with channel openings down to 1 µm and sheet resistance below 10 Ω/sq. By tuning laser parameters, we demonstrate both selective and simultaneous ablation strategies, enabling the fabrication horizontal, vertical, and planar-gated OECTs, as well as complementary NOT gate inverters. Thermal degradation studies in air show that over 80% of the device mass decomposes below 360 °C, providing a low-energy route for device disposal and addressing the environmental impact of electronic waste. This approach offers a cleanroom-free and lithography-free pathway toward the rapid prototyping of high-resolution, sustainable organic electronics, combining material circularity, process simplicity, and architectural versatility for next-generation bioelectronic applications.

Abstract

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key bioelectronic devices, with applications in neuromorphics, sensing, and flexible electronics. However, their microfabrication typically relies on precious metal contacts manufactured via cleanroom processes. Here, we present a high-throughput additive-subtractive microfabrication strategy for metal-free, flexible OECTs using biodegradable materials and room-temperature processing. Additive manufacturing of large features is achieved via extrusion printing of a water-dispersed graphene ink to fabricate electrode contacts, and spin-coating of a cellulose acetate ink to form both the substrate and encapsulation layer. Combined with femtosecond laser ablation, this approach enables micrometer-resolution patterning of free-standing OECTs with channel openings down to 1 µm and sheet resistance below 10 Ω/sq. By tuning laser parameters, we demonstrate both selective and simultaneous ablation strategies, enabling the fabrication horizontal, vertical, and planar-gated OECTs, as well as complementary NOT gate inverters. Thermal degradation studies in air show that over 80% of the device mass decomposes below 360 °C, providing a low-energy route for device disposal and addressing the environmental impact of electronic waste. This approach offers a cleanroom-free and lithography-free pathway toward the rapid prototyping of high-resolution, sustainable organic electronics, combining material circularity, process simplicity, and architectural versatility for next-generation bioelectronic applications.

Abstract

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key bioelectronic devices, with applications in neuromorphics, sensing, and flexible electronics. However, their microfabrication typically relies on precious metal contacts manufactured via cleanroom processes. Here, we present a high-throughput additive-subtractive microfabrication strategy for metal-free, flexible OECTs using biodegradable materials and room-temperature processing. Additive manufacturing of large features is achieved via extrusion printing of a water-dispersed graphene ink to fabricate electrode contacts, and spin-coating of a cellulose acetate ink to form both the substrate and encapsulation layer. Combined with femtosecond laser ablation, this approach enables micrometer-resolution patterning of free-standing OECTs with channel openings down to 1 µm and sheet resistance below 10 Ω/sq. By tuning laser parameters, we demonstrate both selective and simultaneous ablation strategies, enabling the fabrication horizontal, vertical, and planar-gated OECTs, as well as complementary NOT gate inverters. Thermal degradation studies in air show that over 80% of the device mass decomposes below 360 °C, providing a low-energy route for device disposal and addressing the environmental impact of electronic waste. This approach offers a cleanroom-free and lithography-free pathway toward the rapid prototyping of high-resolution, sustainable organic electronics, combining material circularity, process simplicity, and architectural versatility for next-generation bioelectronic applications.

Abstract

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key bioelectronic devices, with applications in neuromorphics, sensing, and flexible electronics. However, their microfabrication typically relies on precious metal contacts manufactured via cleanroom processes. Here, we present a high-throughput additive-subtractive microfabrication strategy for metal-free, flexible OECTs using biodegradable materials and room-temperature processing. Additive manufacturing of large features is achieved via extrusion printing of a water-dispersed graphene ink to fabricate electrode contacts, and spin-coating of a cellulose acetate ink to form both the substrate and encapsulation layer. Combined with femtosecond laser ablation, this approach enables micrometer-resolution patterning of free-standing OECTs with channel openings down to 1 µm and sheet resistance below 10 Ω/sq. By tuning laser parameters, we demonstrate both selective and simultaneous ablation strategies, enabling the fabrication horizontal, vertical, and planar-gated OECTs, as well as complementary NOT gate inverters. Thermal degradation studies in air show that over 80% of the device mass decomposes below 360 °C, providing a low-energy route for device disposal and addressing the environmental impact of electronic waste. This approach offers a cleanroom-free and lithography-free pathway toward the rapid prototyping of high-resolution, sustainable organic electronics, combining material circularity, process simplicity, and architectural versatility for next-generation bioelectronic applications.