A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano; Alice Apponi; Luca Cecchini; Daniele Paoloni; Simone Ritarossi; Francesco Pandolfi; Ilaria Rago; Tien-Lin Lee; Samuel Jeong; Yoshikazu Ito; Carlo Mariani; Gianluca Cavoto; Francesco Offi; Alessandro Ruocco

doi:10.48550/arXiv.2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Orlando Castellano, Alice Apponi, Luca Cecchini, Daniele Paoloni et al.

arXiv·2026·arXiv:2607.02022

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

2 characterizations

ReferenceCReference Material

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

No measurements recorded

ReferenceAuCapping Or Contact

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

2 characterizations

ReferenceCReference Material

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

No measurements recorded

ReferenceAuCapping Or Contact

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

2 characterizations

ReferenceCReference Material

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

No measurements recorded

ReferenceAuCapping Or Contact

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

2 characterizations5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

2 characterizations3 properties5 figures

ExperimentalCStudied MaterialSiSubstrate / Dielectric

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

2 characterizations

ReferenceCReference Material

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

No measurements recorded

ReferenceAuCapping Or Contact

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.3	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.67	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.4nm	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.13nm	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.29	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.14	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.3	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.67	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.4nm	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.13nm	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.29	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.14	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.3	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.67	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.4nm	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.13nm	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.29	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.14	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.3	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Sp3 Fraction	sp3/(sp3+sp2)	0.67	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.4nm	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Hydrogenated Overlayer Thickness	overlayer thickness d	0.13nm	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.29	C	Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half	—
Homogeneous Sp3 Contribution	A	0.14	C	Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as prist	—

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

A depth resolved investigation of hydrogen uptake in carbon based nanostructures by soft-to-hard photoemission spectroscopy

Samples

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected

Samples

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected

Samples

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected

Samples

Pristine nanoporous graphene sample from the same batch as the hydrogenated NPG; hydrogenation state absent.

Hydrogenated nanoporous graphene (HNPG), same batch as pristine NPG, hydrogenated in situ by atomic hydrogen exposure in UHV.

Pristine vertically aligned CNT sample grown on Si chip; retained as a pristine reference after the hydrogen-plasma split.

Hydrogenated vertically aligned CNT sample (HCNTs), one half of the as-grown sample after hydrogen plasma exposure.

Clean HOPG reference used to calibrate the binding energy scale by setting the C 1s peak to 284.5 eV.

Polycrystalline Au foil used for Fermi-level calibration in synchrotron photoemission.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected