FIG. 1D. In this example, electronic device 40 includes a stack of graphene materials 42, 44 and 46. Graphene material 42 includes polymer 50. Graphene …

FIG. 2B. The scale bar is 10 m. The inset is the corr esponding higher magnification SEM image with a scale bar of 1 m.

FIGS. 3B-C, black contrast is LIG after exposure to the laser, while the lighter background co rr esponds to P I. The laser power used to scribe the images was …

FIG. 4). However, the spectrum for LIG (

FIG. 5 D provides high resolution N i s XPS spectrum of a LIG-3.6 W film and P I. The intensity of the N I s peak was greatly reduced after laser exposure. …

FIG. 6). [00191] The micro- and nano-structure of LIG flakes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

FIG. 7B provides a TEM image of a thick LIG flake showing entangled tree-like ripples. The scale bar is 100 nm. Inset is the high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image …

FIG. 8A. Moreover, ripple-like wrinkled structures can be observed from the surface of the flakes. These structures in graphene have been shown to improve the …

FIG. 9E. The scale bar is 5 n m. The d isordered graphene structure was enhanced. [0023] FIGURE 10 provides a BET specific surface area of L I G-3.6 W. The …

FIG. 10). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement under argon (

FIG. 11) shows that the decomposition temperature of P I is-550 ° C and LIG is > 900 ° C, while that of the often used graphene precursor, graphene oxide (GO), …

FIG. 12D. The L a values calculated from the average IG"I D rati o using eq 4 and the methods described in this Example is shown in the lower panel of

FIG. 13). If the scan rate increases, higher threshold power needs to be applied in order to initiate the graphitization. Meanwhile, the sheet resistance (R S) …

FIG. 14) that had been peeled off the P I substrate. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to obtain crystalline size (L a) along the a-axis of graphitic …

FIG. 15B provides a Raman spectrum of P EI -derived LIG obtained with a laser power of 3.0 W. [0029] FIGURE 16 provides electrochemical performances of …

FIG. 16N. Clearly, a polycrystalline sheet has a much higher C q than perfect graphene, as a result of a higher density of states near the Fermi level due to …

FIG. 17D provides specific areal capacitances of LIG-MSCs obtained from P EI, calculated from CC curves at a cu rr ent density of 0.2 mA-cm 2, as a function of …

FIGS. 18 and 20A, d was ~ 25 m. [00225] The specific areal (E A, in pWh cm⁻²) and volumetric energy densities (Ev, in Wh-m3) were calculated from eq 8 and 9: …

FIG. 19E.

FIG. 20B provides specific volumetric capacitances as a function of discharge cu rr ent densities in BMI M-BF 4. [0034] FIGURE 21 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 21. Monkhorst-Pack (MP) k-points sampling is used, with a vacuum space >15 A in the non-periodic direction. To obtain the density of states (DOS), …

FIG. 22. The specific areal (CA, in mF -cm⁻²) and volumetric capacitance (Cv, in F -m 3) were calculated from charge-discharge (CC) curves by eq 6 and 7: SVG …

FIG. 23A shows that capacitance, calculated from CV 9 WO 2015/175060 PCT/US₂₀₁₅/016165 curves at a scan rate of 100 mV -s- 1, increases to 114% of the original …

FIG. 24). [00205] Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that the high capacitance of the LIG- MSC can be attributed to the 3D network of highly …

FIG. 25). Two types of GBs are considered as representatives (

FIG. 26B. The dehydration from PAA to PI is preferred for successful formation of LIG and will be discussed in detail herein. [00235] Finally, a standard C O 2 …

FIG. 27B). After that, Pellco ® colloidal silver paint (No. 16034, Ted Pella) was first applied on the common areas of both electrodes for better electrical …

FIGS. 28-29). No significant difference was found among these samples, indicating that the loading of H 3 B 0 3 has little effect on the morphology of the …

FIGS. 29D and 29H). [0043] FIGURE 30 provides data relating to the characterization of 5B-L I G materials.

FIG. 30D shows the pore size distribution of 5B-L I G, which are all < 10 nm (26 A, 41 A and 73 A). [00241] To confirm the boron doping in the product, X-ray …

FIG. 31), the surface area of 5B-L I G is 191 m 2/g.

FIG. 32B). [0046] FIGURE 33 shows XPS spectra of 5B-L I G and PI/H 3 B O 3 sheets.

FIG. 33D shows the N I s spectrum. [0047] FIGURE 34 provides an electrochemical performance comparison of L I G-MSCs with different H 3 B 0 3 loadings.

FIG. 34A. A solid-state electrolyte made from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and H 2 S O 4 was used to ensure the flexibility of the device (as discussed in Example …

FIG. 35H are identical to each other, suggesting that bending had little effect on the electrochemical performance of 5B-L I G-MSC. [00249] To further …

FIG. 36D provides galvanostatic CC curves of 5B-L I G-MSC at current densities of 10, 20 and 30 mA/cm 2. [0050] FIGURE 37 provides impedance performances of L …

FIG. 37 further demonstrate that both external and internal resistances of 5B-L I G-MSC are lower than that of L I G-MSC. These results indicate faster ionic …

FIG. 38. The remarkable electrochemical performance, cyclability over charge-discharge times, and stability under bending makes B-L I G a promising candidate …

FIG. 39E is a TEM image of a LIG thin film showing nano-sized wrinkles and ripples. The inset is a HRTEM image of a LIG nanosheet showing numerous graphene …

FIGS. 40 and 39B show the photograph of a half-side LIG electrode and a typical single LI G-SC device manually bent to demonstrate its intrinsic flexibility. An …

FIG. 41). This one-step approach is both straightforward and cost-effective, and could easily fit into a scalable, roll-to-roll process for industrial production …

FIG. 42C, with the highest capacitance being 9.11 mF/cm 2 at a co rr esponding current density of 0.01 mA/cm 2, comparable to the values reported in the …

FIG. 43B provides an XRD spectrum of LIGs. [0057] FIGURE 44 provides a TGA plot of LIG and P I substrates under argon. P I starts to decompose at-550 ° C, …

FIG. 44), since P I decomposes at ~ 550 ° C, whereas LIG remains stable at >900 ° C. BET analysis in

FIG. 45B provides pore size distributions of LIGs. [0059] FIGURE 46 provides additional electrochemical performance of a flat, single L I G-SC.

FIG. 46B provides Galvanostatic CC curves of L I G-SCs at current densities of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mA/cm 2. [0060] FIGURE 47 provides electrochemical performance …

FIG. 47C provides cyclability testing of flexible L I G-SCs. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm 2. [0061] …

FIGS. 48A-B are illustrations of a series and parallel L I G-SC assembled from stacked solid- state L I G-SCs, where double-sided LIG sheets are layered with …

FIG. 49B provides galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of series L I G-SCs at cu rr ent densities of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm 2. [0063] FIGURE 50 provides …

FIG. 50 C provides specific areal capacitance calculated from discharge runtime as a function of cu rr ent density. [0064] FIGURE 51 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 51 E provides capacity retention of L I G-MSC at different bending radii. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.5 …

FIG. 52C provides CC curves of L I G-MSCs at cu rr ent densities of 2, 5, 10 and 20 mA/cm 2. [0066] FIGURE 53 provides impedance performances of L I G-MSCs …

FIG. 53) further support faster ionic transport and better electrode-electrolyte interface in LIG-MSCs using PVA/H 2 S O 4 as the electrolyte. The near absence …

FIG. 54). In order to test their circuit performance, two single LIG-MSC devices were connected in either series or parallel configurations as shown in

FIG. 55. As expected, the working voltage was doubled when LIG-MSCs were in series, while the discharge runtime increased nearly 100% when LIG-MSCs were in …

FIG. 56). After 7000 bending cycles, the capacitance remained at its initial value (

FIG. 57 is a Ragone plot comparing single L I G-SCs and L I G-MSCs in either aqueous or solid-state polymeric electrolytes to commercially available …

FIG. 58 to better evaluate their commercial application potential. [00279] In summary, Applicants have demonstrated that by using a laser induction process, …

FIG. 59. The 9.3 micrometer band has a tuning range of 2 0.15 micrometers, and the other three bands have tuning ranges of z 0.2 micrometers. [00294] The …

FIG. 60 is a drawing showing the use of visible lasers and an option of coupling into a controlled atmosphere chamber with an optical fiber. This permits the …

FIG. 1D. In this example, electronic device 40 includes a stack of graphene materials 42, 44 and 46. Graphene material 42 includes polymer 50. Graphene …

FIG. 2B. The scale bar is 10 m. The inset is the corr esponding higher magnification SEM image with a scale bar of 1 m.

FIGS. 3B-C, black contrast is LIG after exposure to the laser, while the lighter background co rr esponds to P I. The laser power used to scribe the images was …

FIG. 4). However, the spectrum for LIG (

FIG. 5 D provides high resolution N i s XPS spectrum of a LIG-3.6 W film and P I. The intensity of the N I s peak was greatly reduced after laser exposure. …

FIG. 6). [00191] The micro- and nano-structure of LIG flakes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

FIG. 7B provides a TEM image of a thick LIG flake showing entangled tree-like ripples. The scale bar is 100 nm. Inset is the high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image …

FIG. 8A. Moreover, ripple-like wrinkled structures can be observed from the surface of the flakes. These structures in graphene have been shown to improve the …

FIG. 9E. The scale bar is 5 n m. The d isordered graphene structure was enhanced. [0023] FIGURE 10 provides a BET specific surface area of L I G-3.6 W. The …

FIG. 10). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement under argon (

FIG. 11) shows that the decomposition temperature of P I is-550 ° C and LIG is > 900 ° C, while that of the often used graphene precursor, graphene oxide (GO), …

FIG. 12D. The L a values calculated from the average IG"I D rati o using eq 4 and the methods described in this Example is shown in the lower panel of

FIG. 13). If the scan rate increases, higher threshold power needs to be applied in order to initiate the graphitization. Meanwhile, the sheet resistance (R S) …

FIG. 14) that had been peeled off the P I substrate. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to obtain crystalline size (L a) along the a-axis of graphitic …

FIG. 15B provides a Raman spectrum of P EI -derived LIG obtained with a laser power of 3.0 W. [0029] FIGURE 16 provides electrochemical performances of …

FIG. 16N. Clearly, a polycrystalline sheet has a much higher C q than perfect graphene, as a result of a higher density of states near the Fermi level due to …

FIG. 17D provides specific areal capacitances of LIG-MSCs obtained from P EI, calculated from CC curves at a cu rr ent density of 0.2 mA-cm 2, as a function of …

FIGS. 18 and 20A, d was ~ 25 m. [00225] The specific areal (E A, in pWh cm⁻²) and volumetric energy densities (Ev, in Wh-m3) were calculated from eq 8 and 9: …

FIG. 19E.

FIG. 20B provides specific volumetric capacitances as a function of discharge cu rr ent densities in BMI M-BF 4. [0034] FIGURE 21 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 21. Monkhorst-Pack (MP) k-points sampling is used, with a vacuum space >15 A in the non-periodic direction. To obtain the density of states (DOS), …

FIG. 22. The specific areal (CA, in mF -cm⁻²) and volumetric capacitance (Cv, in F -m 3) were calculated from charge-discharge (CC) curves by eq 6 and 7: SVG …

FIG. 23A shows that capacitance, calculated from CV 9 WO 2015/175060 PCT/US₂₀₁₅/016165 curves at a scan rate of 100 mV -s- 1, increases to 114% of the original …

FIG. 24). [00205] Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that the high capacitance of the LIG- MSC can be attributed to the 3D network of highly …

FIG. 25). Two types of GBs are considered as representatives (

FIG. 26B. The dehydration from PAA to PI is preferred for successful formation of LIG and will be discussed in detail herein. [00235] Finally, a standard C O 2 …

FIG. 27B). After that, Pellco ® colloidal silver paint (No. 16034, Ted Pella) was first applied on the common areas of both electrodes for better electrical …

FIGS. 28-29). No significant difference was found among these samples, indicating that the loading of H 3 B 0 3 has little effect on the morphology of the …

FIGS. 29D and 29H). [0043] FIGURE 30 provides data relating to the characterization of 5B-L I G materials.

FIG. 30D shows the pore size distribution of 5B-L I G, which are all < 10 nm (26 A, 41 A and 73 A). [00241] To confirm the boron doping in the product, X-ray …

FIG. 31), the surface area of 5B-L I G is 191 m 2/g.

FIG. 32B). [0046] FIGURE 33 shows XPS spectra of 5B-L I G and PI/H 3 B O 3 sheets.

FIG. 33D shows the N I s spectrum. [0047] FIGURE 34 provides an electrochemical performance comparison of L I G-MSCs with different H 3 B 0 3 loadings.

FIG. 34A. A solid-state electrolyte made from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and H 2 S O 4 was used to ensure the flexibility of the device (as discussed in Example …

FIG. 35H are identical to each other, suggesting that bending had little effect on the electrochemical performance of 5B-L I G-MSC. [00249] To further …

FIG. 36D provides galvanostatic CC curves of 5B-L I G-MSC at current densities of 10, 20 and 30 mA/cm 2. [0050] FIGURE 37 provides impedance performances of L …

FIG. 37 further demonstrate that both external and internal resistances of 5B-L I G-MSC are lower than that of L I G-MSC. These results indicate faster ionic …

FIG. 38. The remarkable electrochemical performance, cyclability over charge-discharge times, and stability under bending makes B-L I G a promising candidate …

FIG. 39E is a TEM image of a LIG thin film showing nano-sized wrinkles and ripples. The inset is a HRTEM image of a LIG nanosheet showing numerous graphene …

FIGS. 40 and 39B show the photograph of a half-side LIG electrode and a typical single LI G-SC device manually bent to demonstrate its intrinsic flexibility. An …

FIG. 41). This one-step approach is both straightforward and cost-effective, and could easily fit into a scalable, roll-to-roll process for industrial production …

FIG. 42C, with the highest capacitance being 9.11 mF/cm 2 at a co rr esponding current density of 0.01 mA/cm 2, comparable to the values reported in the …

FIG. 43B provides an XRD spectrum of LIGs. [0057] FIGURE 44 provides a TGA plot of LIG and P I substrates under argon. P I starts to decompose at-550 ° C, …

FIG. 44), since P I decomposes at ~ 550 ° C, whereas LIG remains stable at >900 ° C. BET analysis in

FIG. 45B provides pore size distributions of LIGs. [0059] FIGURE 46 provides additional electrochemical performance of a flat, single L I G-SC.

FIG. 46B provides Galvanostatic CC curves of L I G-SCs at current densities of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mA/cm 2. [0060] FIGURE 47 provides electrochemical performance …

FIG. 47C provides cyclability testing of flexible L I G-SCs. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm 2. [0061] …

FIGS. 48A-B are illustrations of a series and parallel L I G-SC assembled from stacked solid- state L I G-SCs, where double-sided LIG sheets are layered with …

FIG. 49B provides galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of series L I G-SCs at cu rr ent densities of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm 2. [0063] FIGURE 50 provides …

FIG. 50 C provides specific areal capacitance calculated from discharge runtime as a function of cu rr ent density. [0064] FIGURE 51 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 51 E provides capacity retention of L I G-MSC at different bending radii. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.5 …

FIG. 52C provides CC curves of L I G-MSCs at cu rr ent densities of 2, 5, 10 and 20 mA/cm 2. [0066] FIGURE 53 provides impedance performances of L I G-MSCs …

FIG. 53) further support faster ionic transport and better electrode-electrolyte interface in LIG-MSCs using PVA/H 2 S O 4 as the electrolyte. The near absence …

FIG. 54). In order to test their circuit performance, two single LIG-MSC devices were connected in either series or parallel configurations as shown in

FIG. 55. As expected, the working voltage was doubled when LIG-MSCs were in series, while the discharge runtime increased nearly 100% when LIG-MSCs were in …

FIG. 56). After 7000 bending cycles, the capacitance remained at its initial value (

FIG. 57 is a Ragone plot comparing single L I G-SCs and L I G-MSCs in either aqueous or solid-state polymeric electrolytes to commercially available …

FIG. 58 to better evaluate their commercial application potential. [00279] In summary, Applicants have demonstrated that by using a laser induction process, …

FIG. 59. The 9.3 micrometer band has a tuning range of 2 0.15 micrometers, and the other three bands have tuning ranges of z 0.2 micrometers. [00294] The …

FIG. 60 is a drawing showing the use of visible lasers and an option of coupling into a controlled atmosphere chamber with an optical fiber. This permits the …

FIG. 1D. In this example, electronic device 40 includes a stack of graphene materials 42, 44 and 46. Graphene material 42 includes polymer 50. Graphene …

FIG. 2B. The scale bar is 10 m. The inset is the corr esponding higher magnification SEM image with a scale bar of 1 m.

FIGS. 3B-C, black contrast is LIG after exposure to the laser, while the lighter background co rr esponds to P I. The laser power used to scribe the images was …

FIG. 4). However, the spectrum for LIG (

FIG. 5 D provides high resolution N i s XPS spectrum of a LIG-3.6 W film and P I. The intensity of the N I s peak was greatly reduced after laser exposure. …

FIG. 6). [00191] The micro- and nano-structure of LIG flakes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

FIG. 7B provides a TEM image of a thick LIG flake showing entangled tree-like ripples. The scale bar is 100 nm. Inset is the high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image …

FIG. 8A. Moreover, ripple-like wrinkled structures can be observed from the surface of the flakes. These structures in graphene have been shown to improve the …

FIG. 9E. The scale bar is 5 n m. The d isordered graphene structure was enhanced. [0023] FIGURE 10 provides a BET specific surface area of L I G-3.6 W. The …

FIG. 10). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement under argon (

FIG. 11) shows that the decomposition temperature of P I is-550 ° C and LIG is > 900 ° C, while that of the often used graphene precursor, graphene oxide (GO), …

FIG. 12D. The L a values calculated from the average IG"I D rati o using eq 4 and the methods described in this Example is shown in the lower panel of

FIG. 13). If the scan rate increases, higher threshold power needs to be applied in order to initiate the graphitization. Meanwhile, the sheet resistance (R S) …

FIG. 14) that had been peeled off the P I substrate. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to obtain crystalline size (L a) along the a-axis of graphitic …

FIG. 15B provides a Raman spectrum of P EI -derived LIG obtained with a laser power of 3.0 W. [0029] FIGURE 16 provides electrochemical performances of …

FIG. 16N. Clearly, a polycrystalline sheet has a much higher C q than perfect graphene, as a result of a higher density of states near the Fermi level due to …

FIG. 17D provides specific areal capacitances of LIG-MSCs obtained from P EI, calculated from CC curves at a cu rr ent density of 0.2 mA-cm 2, as a function of …

FIGS. 18 and 20A, d was ~ 25 m. [00225] The specific areal (E A, in pWh cm⁻²) and volumetric energy densities (Ev, in Wh-m3) were calculated from eq 8 and 9: …

FIG. 19E.

FIG. 20B provides specific volumetric capacitances as a function of discharge cu rr ent densities in BMI M-BF 4. [0034] FIGURE 21 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 21. Monkhorst-Pack (MP) k-points sampling is used, with a vacuum space >15 A in the non-periodic direction. To obtain the density of states (DOS), …

FIG. 22. The specific areal (CA, in mF -cm⁻²) and volumetric capacitance (Cv, in F -m 3) were calculated from charge-discharge (CC) curves by eq 6 and 7: SVG …

FIG. 23A shows that capacitance, calculated from CV 9 WO 2015/175060 PCT/US₂₀₁₅/016165 curves at a scan rate of 100 mV -s- 1, increases to 114% of the original …

FIG. 24). [00205] Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that the high capacitance of the LIG- MSC can be attributed to the 3D network of highly …

FIG. 25). Two types of GBs are considered as representatives (

FIG. 26B. The dehydration from PAA to PI is preferred for successful formation of LIG and will be discussed in detail herein. [00235] Finally, a standard C O 2 …

FIG. 27B). After that, Pellco ® colloidal silver paint (No. 16034, Ted Pella) was first applied on the common areas of both electrodes for better electrical …

FIGS. 28-29). No significant difference was found among these samples, indicating that the loading of H 3 B 0 3 has little effect on the morphology of the …

FIGS. 29D and 29H). [0043] FIGURE 30 provides data relating to the characterization of 5B-L I G materials.

FIG. 30D shows the pore size distribution of 5B-L I G, which are all < 10 nm (26 A, 41 A and 73 A). [00241] To confirm the boron doping in the product, X-ray …

FIG. 31), the surface area of 5B-L I G is 191 m 2/g.

FIG. 32B). [0046] FIGURE 33 shows XPS spectra of 5B-L I G and PI/H 3 B O 3 sheets.

FIG. 33D shows the N I s spectrum. [0047] FIGURE 34 provides an electrochemical performance comparison of L I G-MSCs with different H 3 B 0 3 loadings.

FIG. 34A. A solid-state electrolyte made from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and H 2 S O 4 was used to ensure the flexibility of the device (as discussed in Example …

FIG. 35H are identical to each other, suggesting that bending had little effect on the electrochemical performance of 5B-L I G-MSC. [00249] To further …

FIG. 36D provides galvanostatic CC curves of 5B-L I G-MSC at current densities of 10, 20 and 30 mA/cm 2. [0050] FIGURE 37 provides impedance performances of L …

FIG. 37 further demonstrate that both external and internal resistances of 5B-L I G-MSC are lower than that of L I G-MSC. These results indicate faster ionic …

FIG. 38. The remarkable electrochemical performance, cyclability over charge-discharge times, and stability under bending makes B-L I G a promising candidate …

FIG. 39E is a TEM image of a LIG thin film showing nano-sized wrinkles and ripples. The inset is a HRTEM image of a LIG nanosheet showing numerous graphene …

FIGS. 40 and 39B show the photograph of a half-side LIG electrode and a typical single LI G-SC device manually bent to demonstrate its intrinsic flexibility. An …

FIG. 41). This one-step approach is both straightforward and cost-effective, and could easily fit into a scalable, roll-to-roll process for industrial production …

FIG. 42C, with the highest capacitance being 9.11 mF/cm 2 at a co rr esponding current density of 0.01 mA/cm 2, comparable to the values reported in the …

FIG. 43B provides an XRD spectrum of LIGs. [0057] FIGURE 44 provides a TGA plot of LIG and P I substrates under argon. P I starts to decompose at-550 ° C, …

FIG. 44), since P I decomposes at ~ 550 ° C, whereas LIG remains stable at >900 ° C. BET analysis in

FIG. 45B provides pore size distributions of LIGs. [0059] FIGURE 46 provides additional electrochemical performance of a flat, single L I G-SC.

FIG. 46B provides Galvanostatic CC curves of L I G-SCs at current densities of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mA/cm 2. [0060] FIGURE 47 provides electrochemical performance …

FIG. 47C provides cyclability testing of flexible L I G-SCs. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm 2. [0061] …

FIGS. 48A-B are illustrations of a series and parallel L I G-SC assembled from stacked solid- state L I G-SCs, where double-sided LIG sheets are layered with …

FIG. 49B provides galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of series L I G-SCs at cu rr ent densities of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm 2. [0063] FIGURE 50 provides …

FIG. 50 C provides specific areal capacitance calculated from discharge runtime as a function of cu rr ent density. [0064] FIGURE 51 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 51 E provides capacity retention of L I G-MSC at different bending radii. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.5 …

FIG. 52C provides CC curves of L I G-MSCs at cu rr ent densities of 2, 5, 10 and 20 mA/cm 2. [0066] FIGURE 53 provides impedance performances of L I G-MSCs …

FIG. 53) further support faster ionic transport and better electrode-electrolyte interface in LIG-MSCs using PVA/H 2 S O 4 as the electrolyte. The near absence …

FIG. 54). In order to test their circuit performance, two single LIG-MSC devices were connected in either series or parallel configurations as shown in

FIG. 55. As expected, the working voltage was doubled when LIG-MSCs were in series, while the discharge runtime increased nearly 100% when LIG-MSCs were in …

FIG. 56). After 7000 bending cycles, the capacitance remained at its initial value (

FIG. 57 is a Ragone plot comparing single L I G-SCs and L I G-MSCs in either aqueous or solid-state polymeric electrolytes to commercially available …

FIG. 58 to better evaluate their commercial application potential. [00279] In summary, Applicants have demonstrated that by using a laser induction process, …

FIG. 59. The 9.3 micrometer band has a tuning range of 2 0.15 micrometers, and the other three bands have tuning ranges of z 0.2 micrometers. [00294] The …

FIG. 60 is a drawing showing the use of visible lasers and an option of coupling into a controlled atmosphere chamber with an optical fiber. This permits the …

FIG. 1D. In this example, electronic device 40 includes a stack of graphene materials 42, 44 and 46. Graphene material 42 includes polymer 50. Graphene …

FIG. 2B. The scale bar is 10 m. The inset is the corr esponding higher magnification SEM image with a scale bar of 1 m.

FIGS. 3B-C, black contrast is LIG after exposure to the laser, while the lighter background co rr esponds to P I. The laser power used to scribe the images was …

FIG. 4). However, the spectrum for LIG (

FIG. 5 D provides high resolution N i s XPS spectrum of a LIG-3.6 W film and P I. The intensity of the N I s peak was greatly reduced after laser exposure. …

FIG. 6). [00191] The micro- and nano-structure of LIG flakes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

FIG. 7B provides a TEM image of a thick LIG flake showing entangled tree-like ripples. The scale bar is 100 nm. Inset is the high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image …

FIG. 8A. Moreover, ripple-like wrinkled structures can be observed from the surface of the flakes. These structures in graphene have been shown to improve the …

FIG. 9E. The scale bar is 5 n m. The d isordered graphene structure was enhanced. [0023] FIGURE 10 provides a BET specific surface area of L I G-3.6 W. The …

FIG. 10). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement under argon (

FIG. 11) shows that the decomposition temperature of P I is-550 ° C and LIG is > 900 ° C, while that of the often used graphene precursor, graphene oxide (GO), …

FIG. 12D. The L a values calculated from the average IG"I D rati o using eq 4 and the methods described in this Example is shown in the lower panel of

FIG. 13). If the scan rate increases, higher threshold power needs to be applied in order to initiate the graphitization. Meanwhile, the sheet resistance (R S) …

FIG. 14) that had been peeled off the P I substrate. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to obtain crystalline size (L a) along the a-axis of graphitic …

FIG. 15B provides a Raman spectrum of P EI -derived LIG obtained with a laser power of 3.0 W. [0029] FIGURE 16 provides electrochemical performances of …

FIG. 16N. Clearly, a polycrystalline sheet has a much higher C q than perfect graphene, as a result of a higher density of states near the Fermi level due to …

FIG. 17D provides specific areal capacitances of LIG-MSCs obtained from P EI, calculated from CC curves at a cu rr ent density of 0.2 mA-cm 2, as a function of …

FIGS. 18 and 20A, d was ~ 25 m. [00225] The specific areal (E A, in pWh cm⁻²) and volumetric energy densities (Ev, in Wh-m3) were calculated from eq 8 and 9: …

FIG. 19E.

FIG. 20B provides specific volumetric capacitances as a function of discharge cu rr ent densities in BMI M-BF 4. [0034] FIGURE 21 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 21. Monkhorst-Pack (MP) k-points sampling is used, with a vacuum space >15 A in the non-periodic direction. To obtain the density of states (DOS), …

FIG. 22. The specific areal (CA, in mF -cm⁻²) and volumetric capacitance (Cv, in F -m 3) were calculated from charge-discharge (CC) curves by eq 6 and 7: SVG …

FIG. 23A shows that capacitance, calculated from CV 9 WO 2015/175060 PCT/US₂₀₁₅/016165 curves at a scan rate of 100 mV -s- 1, increases to 114% of the original …

FIG. 24). [00205] Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that the high capacitance of the LIG- MSC can be attributed to the 3D network of highly …

FIG. 25). Two types of GBs are considered as representatives (

FIG. 26B. The dehydration from PAA to PI is preferred for successful formation of LIG and will be discussed in detail herein. [00235] Finally, a standard C O 2 …

FIG. 27B). After that, Pellco ® colloidal silver paint (No. 16034, Ted Pella) was first applied on the common areas of both electrodes for better electrical …

FIGS. 28-29). No significant difference was found among these samples, indicating that the loading of H 3 B 0 3 has little effect on the morphology of the …

FIGS. 29D and 29H). [0043] FIGURE 30 provides data relating to the characterization of 5B-L I G materials.

FIG. 30D shows the pore size distribution of 5B-L I G, which are all < 10 nm (26 A, 41 A and 73 A). [00241] To confirm the boron doping in the product, X-ray …

FIG. 31), the surface area of 5B-L I G is 191 m 2/g.

FIG. 32B). [0046] FIGURE 33 shows XPS spectra of 5B-L I G and PI/H 3 B O 3 sheets.

FIG. 33D shows the N I s spectrum. [0047] FIGURE 34 provides an electrochemical performance comparison of L I G-MSCs with different H 3 B 0 3 loadings.

FIG. 34A. A solid-state electrolyte made from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and H 2 S O 4 was used to ensure the flexibility of the device (as discussed in Example …

FIG. 35H are identical to each other, suggesting that bending had little effect on the electrochemical performance of 5B-L I G-MSC. [00249] To further …

FIG. 36D provides galvanostatic CC curves of 5B-L I G-MSC at current densities of 10, 20 and 30 mA/cm 2. [0050] FIGURE 37 provides impedance performances of L …

FIG. 37 further demonstrate that both external and internal resistances of 5B-L I G-MSC are lower than that of L I G-MSC. These results indicate faster ionic …

FIG. 38. The remarkable electrochemical performance, cyclability over charge-discharge times, and stability under bending makes B-L I G a promising candidate …

FIG. 39E is a TEM image of a LIG thin film showing nano-sized wrinkles and ripples. The inset is a HRTEM image of a LIG nanosheet showing numerous graphene …

FIGS. 40 and 39B show the photograph of a half-side LIG electrode and a typical single LI G-SC device manually bent to demonstrate its intrinsic flexibility. An …

FIG. 41). This one-step approach is both straightforward and cost-effective, and could easily fit into a scalable, roll-to-roll process for industrial production …

FIG. 42C, with the highest capacitance being 9.11 mF/cm 2 at a co rr esponding current density of 0.01 mA/cm 2, comparable to the values reported in the …

FIG. 43B provides an XRD spectrum of LIGs. [0057] FIGURE 44 provides a TGA plot of LIG and P I substrates under argon. P I starts to decompose at-550 ° C, …

FIG. 44), since P I decomposes at ~ 550 ° C, whereas LIG remains stable at >900 ° C. BET analysis in

FIG. 45B provides pore size distributions of LIGs. [0059] FIGURE 46 provides additional electrochemical performance of a flat, single L I G-SC.

FIG. 46B provides Galvanostatic CC curves of L I G-SCs at current densities of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mA/cm 2. [0060] FIGURE 47 provides electrochemical performance …

FIG. 47C provides cyclability testing of flexible L I G-SCs. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm 2. [0061] …

FIGS. 48A-B are illustrations of a series and parallel L I G-SC assembled from stacked solid- state L I G-SCs, where double-sided LIG sheets are layered with …

FIG. 49B provides galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of series L I G-SCs at cu rr ent densities of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm 2. [0063] FIGURE 50 provides …

FIG. 50 C provides specific areal capacitance calculated from discharge runtime as a function of cu rr ent density. [0064] FIGURE 51 provides electrochemical …

FIG. 51 E provides capacity retention of L I G-MSC at different bending radii. Capacitance retention was calculated from CC curves at a current density of 0.5 …

FIG. 52C provides CC curves of L I G-MSCs at cu rr ent densities of 2, 5, 10 and 20 mA/cm 2. [0066] FIGURE 53 provides impedance performances of L I G-MSCs …

FIG. 53) further support faster ionic transport and better electrode-electrolyte interface in LIG-MSCs using PVA/H 2 S O 4 as the electrolyte. The near absence …

FIG. 54). In order to test their circuit performance, two single LIG-MSC devices were connected in either series or parallel configurations as shown in

FIG. 55. As expected, the working voltage was doubled when LIG-MSCs were in series, while the discharge runtime increased nearly 100% when LIG-MSCs were in …

FIG. 56). After 7000 bending cycles, the capacitance remained at its initial value (

FIG. 57 is a Ragone plot comparing single L I G-SCs and L I G-MSCs in either aqueous or solid-state polymeric electrolytes to commercially available …

FIG. 58 to better evaluate their commercial application potential. [00279] In summary, Applicants have demonstrated that by using a laser induction process, …

FIG. 59. The 9.3 micrometer band has a tuning range of 2 0.15 micrometers, and the other three bands have tuning ranges of z 0.2 micrometers. [00294] The …

FIG. 60 is a drawing showing the use of visible lasers and an option of coupling into a controlled atmosphere chamber with an optical fiber. This permits the …