Patent
US 9,484,160LARGE-GRAIN GRAPHENE THIN FILM CURRENT COLLECTOR AND SECONDARY BATTERIES CONTAINING SAME
Aruna Zhamu, Guorong Chen, Bor Z. Jang
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,484,160Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (A) A flow chart illustrating various prior art processes of producing exfoliated graphite products (flexible graphite foils and flexible graphite …
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG.4 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer (A), GO platelet paper (m), and FG foil (*) plotted as a function of the …
FIG.5 X-ray diffraction curves of (a) a GO film (dried GO gel), (B) GO film thermally reduced 5 at 1 50* C (partially reduced), (C) highly reduced and …
FIG.6 (A) Inter-graphene plane spacing measured by X-ray diffraction; (B) the oxygen content 10 in the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer; (C) correlation …
FIG.7 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer alone (m), 15 unitary graphene matrix-expanded graphite reinforcement …
FIG.8 (A) Tensile strength of unitary graphene matrix material from GO gel, paper of discrete GO platelets (not from GO gel state), and flexible graphite foil …
FIG.9 Viscosity values of graphene gel plotted as a function of viscometer spindle speed (proportional to a shear rate): (A) linear-linear scale, (B) …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
FIG. 11 The cathode discharge specific capacity values of three magnesium metal cells (first cell having unitary graphene as both the anode and cathode current …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A unitary graphene layer-based current collector in a battery or capacitor, said current collector being a unitary graphene layer containing closely packed and chemically bonded parallel graphene planes having an inter-graphene plane spacing of 0.33 5 to 0.40 nm and an oxygen content less than 5 % by weight, an average grain size larger than 5 p m, a physical density higher than 1.8 g/cm 3, and a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa, and is obtained from heat-treating a graphene oxide gel at a temperature higher than 1 SVG 13987994.08-22-2016.IS₆CNGM₇RXEAPX3.CLM.1.11.2010.1199.2125.1242.svg 0.143 0.383 Chemistry Black and white wherein said current collector is not an electrode active laver.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 200 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content from 0.001 % to 2 % by weight.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 500 ° C-1,250 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content less than 1 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.345 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 1,250 ° C- 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has 2 an oxygen content less than 0.01 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 5,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature greater than 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content no greater than 0.001 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, and an electrical conductivity no less than 8,000 S/cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature no less than 2,500 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, and an electrical conductivity greater than 10,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits an intergraphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 40 % and/or a mosaic spread value less than 0.7.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 80 % and/or a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains chemically bonded graphene molecules or chemically merged graphene planes that are parallel to one another.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains no complete grain boundary therein, is a graphene single crystal, or a poly-crystal graphene structure with graphene molecules being oriented along a preferred direction.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is obtained from a graphitic material having a maximum original graphite grain size and said unitary graphene layer is a polycrystal graphene structure having a grain size larger than said maximum original grain size.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- 3 axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction, and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width greater than the initial L a and L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width at least greater than twice the initial L a or twice the initial L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the chemically bonded parallel graphene planes contain a combination of sp 2 and sp 3 electronic configurations.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 mm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 100 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 500 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 1 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, further comprising an electrically conductive reinforcement material selected from carbon nano-tube, carbon nano-fiber, discrete graphene 4 platelet, expanded graphite platelet, conductive polymer fiber, metal fiber, micron-scaled carbon fiber, or a combination thereof to form a reinforced graphene matrix composite.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 1.9 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.0 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 60 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.1 g/cm 3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 80 MPa.
A rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector.
A rechargeable lithium battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which lithium battery is a lithium- sulfur cell, a lithium-selenium cell, a lithium sulfur/selenium cell, a lithium-air cell, a lithium-graphene cell, or a lithium-carbon cell.
A capacitor containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which capacitor is a symmetric ultracapacitor, an asymmetric ultracapacitor cell, a hybrid supercapacitor-battery cell, or a lithium-ion capacitor cell. withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
unitary graphene layer current collector
rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery
rechargeable lithium battery (Li-S, Li-Se, Li-air, Li-graphene, or Li-carbon cell)
capacitor (symmetric ultracapacitor, asymmetric ultracapacitor, hybrid supercapacitor-battery, or lithium-ion capacitor)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
unitary graphene layer
graphene oxide gel
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-graphene plane spacing (claimed range) | 0.335–0.4 nm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥3000 S/cm (heat treatment 500-1250°C) | ≥ 3000 S/cm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,484,160Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (A) A flow chart illustrating various prior art processes of producing exfoliated graphite products (flexible graphite foils and flexible graphite …
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG.4 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer (A), GO platelet paper (m), and FG foil (*) plotted as a function of the …
FIG.5 X-ray diffraction curves of (a) a GO film (dried GO gel), (B) GO film thermally reduced 5 at 1 50* C (partially reduced), (C) highly reduced and …
FIG.6 (A) Inter-graphene plane spacing measured by X-ray diffraction; (B) the oxygen content 10 in the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer; (C) correlation …
FIG.7 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer alone (m), 15 unitary graphene matrix-expanded graphite reinforcement …
FIG.8 (A) Tensile strength of unitary graphene matrix material from GO gel, paper of discrete GO platelets (not from GO gel state), and flexible graphite foil …
FIG.9 Viscosity values of graphene gel plotted as a function of viscometer spindle speed (proportional to a shear rate): (A) linear-linear scale, (B) …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
FIG. 11 The cathode discharge specific capacity values of three magnesium metal cells (first cell having unitary graphene as both the anode and cathode current …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A unitary graphene layer-based current collector in a battery or capacitor, said current collector being a unitary graphene layer containing closely packed and chemically bonded parallel graphene planes having an inter-graphene plane spacing of 0.33 5 to 0.40 nm and an oxygen content less than 5 % by weight, an average grain size larger than 5 p m, a physical density higher than 1.8 g/cm 3, and a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa, and is obtained from heat-treating a graphene oxide gel at a temperature higher than 1 SVG 13987994.08-22-2016.IS₆CNGM₇RXEAPX3.CLM.1.11.2010.1199.2125.1242.svg 0.143 0.383 Chemistry Black and white wherein said current collector is not an electrode active laver.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 200 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content from 0.001 % to 2 % by weight.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 500 ° C-1,250 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content less than 1 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.345 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 1,250 ° C- 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has 2 an oxygen content less than 0.01 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 5,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature greater than 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content no greater than 0.001 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, and an electrical conductivity no less than 8,000 S/cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature no less than 2,500 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, and an electrical conductivity greater than 10,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits an intergraphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 40 % and/or a mosaic spread value less than 0.7.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 80 % and/or a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains chemically bonded graphene molecules or chemically merged graphene planes that are parallel to one another.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains no complete grain boundary therein, is a graphene single crystal, or a poly-crystal graphene structure with graphene molecules being oriented along a preferred direction.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is obtained from a graphitic material having a maximum original graphite grain size and said unitary graphene layer is a polycrystal graphene structure having a grain size larger than said maximum original grain size.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- 3 axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction, and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width greater than the initial L a and L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width at least greater than twice the initial L a or twice the initial L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the chemically bonded parallel graphene planes contain a combination of sp 2 and sp 3 electronic configurations.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 mm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 100 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 500 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 1 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, further comprising an electrically conductive reinforcement material selected from carbon nano-tube, carbon nano-fiber, discrete graphene 4 platelet, expanded graphite platelet, conductive polymer fiber, metal fiber, micron-scaled carbon fiber, or a combination thereof to form a reinforced graphene matrix composite.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 1.9 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.0 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 60 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.1 g/cm 3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 80 MPa.
A rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector.
A rechargeable lithium battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which lithium battery is a lithium- sulfur cell, a lithium-selenium cell, a lithium sulfur/selenium cell, a lithium-air cell, a lithium-graphene cell, or a lithium-carbon cell.
A capacitor containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which capacitor is a symmetric ultracapacitor, an asymmetric ultracapacitor cell, a hybrid supercapacitor-battery cell, or a lithium-ion capacitor cell. withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
unitary graphene layer current collector
rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery
rechargeable lithium battery (Li-S, Li-Se, Li-air, Li-graphene, or Li-carbon cell)
capacitor (symmetric ultracapacitor, asymmetric ultracapacitor, hybrid supercapacitor-battery, or lithium-ion capacitor)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
unitary graphene layer
graphene oxide gel
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-graphene plane spacing (claimed range) | 0.335–0.4 nm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥3000 S/cm (heat treatment 500-1250°C) | ≥ 3000 S/cm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,484,160Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (A) A flow chart illustrating various prior art processes of producing exfoliated graphite products (flexible graphite foils and flexible graphite …
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG.4 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer (A), GO platelet paper (m), and FG foil (*) plotted as a function of the …
FIG.5 X-ray diffraction curves of (a) a GO film (dried GO gel), (B) GO film thermally reduced 5 at 1 50* C (partially reduced), (C) highly reduced and …
FIG.6 (A) Inter-graphene plane spacing measured by X-ray diffraction; (B) the oxygen content 10 in the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer; (C) correlation …
FIG.7 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer alone (m), 15 unitary graphene matrix-expanded graphite reinforcement …
FIG.8 (A) Tensile strength of unitary graphene matrix material from GO gel, paper of discrete GO platelets (not from GO gel state), and flexible graphite foil …
FIG.9 Viscosity values of graphene gel plotted as a function of viscometer spindle speed (proportional to a shear rate): (A) linear-linear scale, (B) …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
FIG. 11 The cathode discharge specific capacity values of three magnesium metal cells (first cell having unitary graphene as both the anode and cathode current …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A unitary graphene layer-based current collector in a battery or capacitor, said current collector being a unitary graphene layer containing closely packed and chemically bonded parallel graphene planes having an inter-graphene plane spacing of 0.33 5 to 0.40 nm and an oxygen content less than 5 % by weight, an average grain size larger than 5 p m, a physical density higher than 1.8 g/cm 3, and a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa, and is obtained from heat-treating a graphene oxide gel at a temperature higher than 1 SVG 13987994.08-22-2016.IS₆CNGM₇RXEAPX3.CLM.1.11.2010.1199.2125.1242.svg 0.143 0.383 Chemistry Black and white wherein said current collector is not an electrode active laver.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 200 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content from 0.001 % to 2 % by weight.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 500 ° C-1,250 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content less than 1 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.345 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 1,250 ° C- 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has 2 an oxygen content less than 0.01 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 5,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature greater than 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content no greater than 0.001 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, and an electrical conductivity no less than 8,000 S/cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature no less than 2,500 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, and an electrical conductivity greater than 10,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits an intergraphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 40 % and/or a mosaic spread value less than 0.7.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 80 % and/or a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains chemically bonded graphene molecules or chemically merged graphene planes that are parallel to one another.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains no complete grain boundary therein, is a graphene single crystal, or a poly-crystal graphene structure with graphene molecules being oriented along a preferred direction.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is obtained from a graphitic material having a maximum original graphite grain size and said unitary graphene layer is a polycrystal graphene structure having a grain size larger than said maximum original grain size.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- 3 axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction, and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width greater than the initial L a and L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width at least greater than twice the initial L a or twice the initial L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the chemically bonded parallel graphene planes contain a combination of sp 2 and sp 3 electronic configurations.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 mm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 100 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 500 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 1 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, further comprising an electrically conductive reinforcement material selected from carbon nano-tube, carbon nano-fiber, discrete graphene 4 platelet, expanded graphite platelet, conductive polymer fiber, metal fiber, micron-scaled carbon fiber, or a combination thereof to form a reinforced graphene matrix composite.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 1.9 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.0 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 60 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.1 g/cm 3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 80 MPa.
A rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector.
A rechargeable lithium battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which lithium battery is a lithium- sulfur cell, a lithium-selenium cell, a lithium sulfur/selenium cell, a lithium-air cell, a lithium-graphene cell, or a lithium-carbon cell.
A capacitor containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which capacitor is a symmetric ultracapacitor, an asymmetric ultracapacitor cell, a hybrid supercapacitor-battery cell, or a lithium-ion capacitor cell. withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
unitary graphene layer current collector
rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery
rechargeable lithium battery (Li-S, Li-Se, Li-air, Li-graphene, or Li-carbon cell)
capacitor (symmetric ultracapacitor, asymmetric ultracapacitor, hybrid supercapacitor-battery, or lithium-ion capacitor)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
unitary graphene layer
graphene oxide gel
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-graphene plane spacing (claimed range) | 0.335–0.4 nm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥3000 S/cm (heat treatment 500-1250°C) | ≥ 3000 S/cm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,484,160Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (A) A flow chart illustrating various prior art processes of producing exfoliated graphite products (flexible graphite foils and flexible graphite …
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG.4 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer (A), GO platelet paper (m), and FG foil (*) plotted as a function of the …
FIG.5 X-ray diffraction curves of (a) a GO film (dried GO gel), (B) GO film thermally reduced 5 at 1 50* C (partially reduced), (C) highly reduced and …
FIG.6 (A) Inter-graphene plane spacing measured by X-ray diffraction; (B) the oxygen content 10 in the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer; (C) correlation …
FIG.7 (A) Thermal conductivity values of the GO gel-derived unitary graphene layer alone (m), 15 unitary graphene matrix-expanded graphite reinforcement …
FIG.8 (A) Tensile strength of unitary graphene matrix material from GO gel, paper of discrete GO platelets (not from GO gel state), and flexible graphite foil …
FIG.9 Viscosity values of graphene gel plotted as a function of viscometer spindle speed (proportional to a shear rate): (A) linear-linear scale, (B) …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
FIG. 11 The cathode discharge specific capacity values of three magnesium metal cells (first cell having unitary graphene as both the anode and cathode current …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A unitary graphene layer-based current collector in a battery or capacitor, said current collector being a unitary graphene layer containing closely packed and chemically bonded parallel graphene planes having an inter-graphene plane spacing of 0.33 5 to 0.40 nm and an oxygen content less than 5 % by weight, an average grain size larger than 5 p m, a physical density higher than 1.8 g/cm 3, and a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa, and is obtained from heat-treating a graphene oxide gel at a temperature higher than 1 SVG 13987994.08-22-2016.IS₆CNGM₇RXEAPX3.CLM.1.11.2010.1199.2125.1242.svg 0.143 0.383 Chemistry Black and white wherein said current collector is not an electrode active laver.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said average grain size is larger than 200 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content from 0.001 % to 2 % by weight.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 500 ° C-1,250 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content less than 1 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.345 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature in the range of 1,250 ° C- 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has 2 an oxygen content less than 0.01 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm, and an electrical conductivity no less than 5,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature greater than 2,000 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an oxygen content no greater than 0.001 %, an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, and an electrical conductivity no less than 8,000 S/cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said heat treatment temperature contains a temperature no less than 2,500 ° C and the unitary graphene layer has an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, and an electrical conductivity greater than 10,000 S/cm. withdrawn
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits an intergraphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 40 % and/or a mosaic spread value less than 0.7.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the unitary graphene layer exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 80 % and/or a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains chemically bonded graphene molecules or chemically merged graphene planes that are parallel to one another.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer contains no complete grain boundary therein, is a graphene single crystal, or a poly-crystal graphene structure with graphene molecules being oriented along a preferred direction.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is obtained from a graphitic material having a maximum original graphite grain size and said unitary graphene layer is a polycrystal graphene structure having a grain size larger than said maximum original grain size.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- 3 axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction, and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width greater than the initial L a and L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said graphene oxide gel is produced from particles of a natural graphite or artificial graphite composed of graphite crystallites having an initial length L a in the crystallographic a-axis direction, an initial width L b in the b- axis direction, and a thickness L e in the c-axis direction and the unitary graphene layer has a length or width at least greater than twice the initial L a or twice the initial L b of the graphite crystallites.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein the chemically bonded parallel graphene planes contain a combination of sp 2 and sp 3 electronic configurations.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 100 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 mm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a length or width no less than 1 cm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 100 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 500 nm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness greater than 1 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 10 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, wherein said unitary graphene layer has a thickness from 1 p m to 20 pm.
The current collector of claim 1, further comprising an electrically conductive reinforcement material selected from carbon nano-tube, carbon nano-fiber, discrete graphene 4 platelet, expanded graphite platelet, conductive polymer fiber, metal fiber, micron-scaled carbon fiber, or a combination thereof to form a reinforced graphene matrix composite.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 1.9 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 40 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.0 g/cm3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 60 MPa.
The current collector of claim 1, having a physical density greater than 2.1 g/cm 3, and/or a tensile strength greater than 80 MPa.
A rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector.
A rechargeable lithium battery containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which lithium battery is a lithium- sulfur cell, a lithium-selenium cell, a lithium sulfur/selenium cell, a lithium-air cell, a lithium-graphene cell, or a lithium-carbon cell.
A capacitor containing the current collector of claim 1 as an anode current collector or a cathode current collector, which capacitor is a symmetric ultracapacitor, an asymmetric ultracapacitor cell, a hybrid supercapacitor-battery cell, or a lithium-ion capacitor cell. withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
unitary graphene layer current collector
rechargeable lithium battery or lithium-ion battery
rechargeable lithium battery (Li-S, Li-Se, Li-air, Li-graphene, or Li-carbon cell)
capacitor (symmetric ultracapacitor, asymmetric ultracapacitor, hybrid supercapacitor-battery, or lithium-ion capacitor)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
unitary graphene layer
graphene oxide gel
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.2 (A) A SEM image of a graphite worm sample after thermal exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) or graphite oxide powders; (B) An SEM …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-graphene plane spacing (claimed range) | 0.335–0.4 nm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥3000 S/cm (heat treatment 500-1250°C) | ≥ 3000 S/cm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
natural graphite or artificial graphite
electrically conductive reinforcement material
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥5000 S/cm (heat treatment 1250-2000°C) | ≥ 5000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥8000 S/cm (heat treatment >2000°C) | ≥ 8000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity >10000 S/cm (heat treatment ≥2500°C) | ≥ 10000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Thickness | 0.4–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
— | 237–582 W | — |
— | 983–1807 W | — |
— | 800–1800 W | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Duration | 2–10 hours | — |
Duration | 1–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1 nm | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
— | 140–300 W | — |
— | 10–30 W | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Pressure | 40–140 MPa | — |
— | 1600–1700 W | — |
Thickness | 15–20 nm | — |
— | ≤ 10 W | — |
— | ≤ 5 W | — |
— | ≤ 500 W | — |
— | ≤ 300 W | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
— | ≤ 0.1 ev | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
— | ≤ 237 W | — |
— | ≤ 800 W | — |
— | ≤ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≤ 20 MPa | — |
Thickness | ≥ 5 cm | — |
— | ≥ 1680 W | — |
— | ≥ 1800 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |
— | ≥ 800 W | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 1700 W | — |
— | ≥ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 40 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 80 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 120 MPa | — |
— | ≥ 420 W | — |
— | ≥ 950 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 1 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.345 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2000 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 500 nm | — |
Pressure | ≥ 60 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–6 nm | — |
natural graphite or artificial graphite
electrically conductive reinforcement material
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥5000 S/cm (heat treatment 1250-2000°C) | ≥ 5000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥8000 S/cm (heat treatment >2000°C) | ≥ 8000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity >10000 S/cm (heat treatment ≥2500°C) | ≥ 10000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Thickness | 0.4–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
— | 237–582 W | — |
— | 983–1807 W | — |
— | 800–1800 W | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Duration | 2–10 hours | — |
Duration | 1–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1 nm | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
— | 140–300 W | — |
— | 10–30 W | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Pressure | 40–140 MPa | — |
— | 1600–1700 W | — |
Thickness | 15–20 nm | — |
— | ≤ 10 W | — |
— | ≤ 5 W | — |
— | ≤ 500 W | — |
— | ≤ 300 W | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
— | ≤ 0.1 ev | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
— | ≤ 237 W | — |
— | ≤ 800 W | — |
— | ≤ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≤ 20 MPa | — |
Thickness | ≥ 5 cm | — |
— | ≥ 1680 W | — |
— | ≥ 1800 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |
— | ≥ 800 W | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 1700 W | — |
— | ≥ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 40 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 80 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 120 MPa | — |
— | ≥ 420 W | — |
— | ≥ 950 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 1 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.345 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2000 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 500 nm | — |
Pressure | ≥ 60 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–6 nm | — |
natural graphite or artificial graphite
electrically conductive reinforcement material
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥5000 S/cm (heat treatment 1250-2000°C) | ≥ 5000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥8000 S/cm (heat treatment >2000°C) | ≥ 8000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity >10000 S/cm (heat treatment ≥2500°C) | ≥ 10000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Thickness | 0.4–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
— | 237–582 W | — |
— | 983–1807 W | — |
— | 800–1800 W | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Duration | 2–10 hours | — |
Duration | 1–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1 nm | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
— | 140–300 W | — |
— | 10–30 W | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Pressure | 40–140 MPa | — |
— | 1600–1700 W | — |
Thickness | 15–20 nm | — |
— | ≤ 10 W | — |
— | ≤ 5 W | — |
— | ≤ 500 W | — |
— | ≤ 300 W | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
— | ≤ 0.1 ev | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
— | ≤ 237 W | — |
— | ≤ 800 W | — |
— | ≤ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≤ 20 MPa | — |
Thickness | ≥ 5 cm | — |
— | ≥ 1680 W | — |
— | ≥ 1800 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |
— | ≥ 800 W | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 1700 W | — |
— | ≥ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 40 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 80 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 120 MPa | — |
— | ≥ 420 W | — |
— | ≥ 950 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 1 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.345 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2000 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 500 nm | — |
Pressure | ≥ 60 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–6 nm | — |
natural graphite or artificial graphite
electrically conductive reinforcement material
FIG.3 (A) A SEM image of a GO-derived graphene monolithic wherein multiple graphene 5 planes (having an original length/width of 30 nm⁻² p m) in graphite …
FIG. 10(B) shows the Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. gravimetric energy density) of the three cells. It is of interest to note that unitary …
unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥5000 S/cm (heat treatment 1250-2000°C) | ≥ 5000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity ≥8000 S/cm (heat treatment >2000°C) | ≥ 8000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
electrical conductivity >10000 S/cm (heat treatment ≥2500°C) | ≥ 10000 S/cm | unitary graphene layer |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Thickness | 0.4–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
— | 237–582 W | — |
— | 983–1807 W | — |
— | 800–1800 W | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Duration | 2–10 hours | — |
Duration | 1–24 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1 nm | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
— | 140–300 W | — |
— | 10–30 W | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Pressure | 40–140 MPa | — |
— | 1600–1700 W | — |
Thickness | 15–20 nm | — |
— | ≤ 10 W | — |
— | ≤ 5 W | — |
— | ≤ 500 W | — |
— | ≤ 300 W | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
— | ≤ 0.1 ev | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≤ 1 W | — |
— | ≤ 237 W | — |
— | ≤ 800 W | — |
— | ≤ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≤ 20 MPa | — |
Thickness | ≥ 5 cm | — |
— | ≥ 1680 W | — |
— | ≥ 1800 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 cm | — |
— | ≥ 800 W | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 1700 W | — |
— | ≥ 600 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 40 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 80 MPa | — |
Pressure | ≥ 120 MPa | — |
— | ≥ 420 W | — |
— | ≥ 950 W | — |
Pressure | ≥ 1 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.345 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2000 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 500 nm | — |
Pressure | ≥ 60 MPa | — |
Thickness | 0.4–6 nm | — |