Patent
US 9,232,317IMPROVED PARAMETRIC TRANSDUCER WITH GRAPHENE CONDUCTIVE
Elwood G. Norris
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,232,317Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an ultrasonic sound system suitable for use in conjunction with the systems and methods described herein. In this exemplary …
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
FIG. 3. As illustrated, this embodiment includes backing plate 49, conductive surface 45, conductive surface 46 (comprising a conductive surface 46a deposited …
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross sectional view of an assembled emitter in accordance with the example illustrated in
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating another example configuration of an ultrasonic emitter in accordance with one embodiment of the technology described herein. P …
FIG. 6C. An air gap G can be included to increase the permeability of the pot core without affecting the shielding capability of the core. Thus, by increasing …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface; an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an audio modulated ultrasonic carrier signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the conductive surface of the first layer and the second output is coupled to the conductive surface of the second layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surface of the first layer and the conductive surface of the second layer are graphene; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein an alternative one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises a metalized film when only one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises graphene.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resonant frequency, and wherein the modulated ultrasonic carrier signal has a ca rr ier frequency at the resonant frequency of the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 3 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 1 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the driver circuit comprises a transductor connected in parallel with the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer comprises a conductive grating.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
. canceled
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a first conductive surface disposed on a substrate, and having a resonant frequency; and a second layer having a second conductive surface, wherein at least one of the first conductive surface and the second conductive surface comprise graphene; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an ultrasonic carrier audio signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the first conductive surface and the second output is coupled to the second conductive surface, wherein SMRH:442581562.1 -4- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 the ultrasonic carrier audio signal has a carrier frequency at the resonant frequency of the first conductive surface, and wherein the driver circuit comprises an inductor connected to form a parallel resonant circuit with the emitter; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a conductive grating.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive surface comprises a rough or pitted surface.
. canceled
An ultrasonic emitter, comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface, the conductive surface of the second layer comprising graphene; and an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surfaces of the first layer and the second layer are graphene. SMRH:442581562.1 -5- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the first conductive layer comprises graphene. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a metalized film. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer. SMRH:442581562.1 -6- 31XJ-209881 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
ultrasonic audio speaker (emitter with insulating layer)
ultrasonic audio speaker (substrate-based emitter with resonant parallel circuit)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene
metalized film
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 5) | ≤ 3 ohms/square | graphene |
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 6) | ≤ 1 ohms/square |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,232,317Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an ultrasonic sound system suitable for use in conjunction with the systems and methods described herein. In this exemplary …
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
FIG. 3. As illustrated, this embodiment includes backing plate 49, conductive surface 45, conductive surface 46 (comprising a conductive surface 46a deposited …
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross sectional view of an assembled emitter in accordance with the example illustrated in
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating another example configuration of an ultrasonic emitter in accordance with one embodiment of the technology described herein. P …
FIG. 6C. An air gap G can be included to increase the permeability of the pot core without affecting the shielding capability of the core. Thus, by increasing …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface; an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an audio modulated ultrasonic carrier signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the conductive surface of the first layer and the second output is coupled to the conductive surface of the second layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surface of the first layer and the conductive surface of the second layer are graphene; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein an alternative one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises a metalized film when only one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises graphene.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resonant frequency, and wherein the modulated ultrasonic carrier signal has a ca rr ier frequency at the resonant frequency of the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 3 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 1 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the driver circuit comprises a transductor connected in parallel with the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer comprises a conductive grating.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
. canceled
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a first conductive surface disposed on a substrate, and having a resonant frequency; and a second layer having a second conductive surface, wherein at least one of the first conductive surface and the second conductive surface comprise graphene; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an ultrasonic carrier audio signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the first conductive surface and the second output is coupled to the second conductive surface, wherein SMRH:442581562.1 -4- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 the ultrasonic carrier audio signal has a carrier frequency at the resonant frequency of the first conductive surface, and wherein the driver circuit comprises an inductor connected to form a parallel resonant circuit with the emitter; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a conductive grating.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive surface comprises a rough or pitted surface.
. canceled
An ultrasonic emitter, comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface, the conductive surface of the second layer comprising graphene; and an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surfaces of the first layer and the second layer are graphene. SMRH:442581562.1 -5- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the first conductive layer comprises graphene. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a metalized film. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer. SMRH:442581562.1 -6- 31XJ-209881 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
ultrasonic audio speaker (emitter with insulating layer)
ultrasonic audio speaker (substrate-based emitter with resonant parallel circuit)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene
metalized film
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 5) | ≤ 3 ohms/square | graphene |
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 6) | ≤ 1 ohms/square |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,232,317Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an ultrasonic sound system suitable for use in conjunction with the systems and methods described herein. In this exemplary …
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
FIG. 3. As illustrated, this embodiment includes backing plate 49, conductive surface 45, conductive surface 46 (comprising a conductive surface 46a deposited …
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross sectional view of an assembled emitter in accordance with the example illustrated in
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating another example configuration of an ultrasonic emitter in accordance with one embodiment of the technology described herein. P …
FIG. 6C. An air gap G can be included to increase the permeability of the pot core without affecting the shielding capability of the core. Thus, by increasing …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface; an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an audio modulated ultrasonic carrier signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the conductive surface of the first layer and the second output is coupled to the conductive surface of the second layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surface of the first layer and the conductive surface of the second layer are graphene; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein an alternative one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises a metalized film when only one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises graphene.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resonant frequency, and wherein the modulated ultrasonic carrier signal has a ca rr ier frequency at the resonant frequency of the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 3 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 1 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the driver circuit comprises a transductor connected in parallel with the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer comprises a conductive grating.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
. canceled
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a first conductive surface disposed on a substrate, and having a resonant frequency; and a second layer having a second conductive surface, wherein at least one of the first conductive surface and the second conductive surface comprise graphene; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an ultrasonic carrier audio signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the first conductive surface and the second output is coupled to the second conductive surface, wherein SMRH:442581562.1 -4- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 the ultrasonic carrier audio signal has a carrier frequency at the resonant frequency of the first conductive surface, and wherein the driver circuit comprises an inductor connected to form a parallel resonant circuit with the emitter; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a conductive grating.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive surface comprises a rough or pitted surface.
. canceled
An ultrasonic emitter, comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface, the conductive surface of the second layer comprising graphene; and an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surfaces of the first layer and the second layer are graphene. SMRH:442581562.1 -5- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the first conductive layer comprises graphene. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a metalized film. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer. SMRH:442581562.1 -6- 31XJ-209881 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
ultrasonic audio speaker (emitter with insulating layer)
ultrasonic audio speaker (substrate-based emitter with resonant parallel circuit)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene
metalized film
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 5) | ≤ 3 ohms/square | graphene |
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 6) | ≤ 1 ohms/square |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,232,317Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an ultrasonic sound system suitable for use in conjunction with the systems and methods described herein. In this exemplary …
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
FIG. 3. As illustrated, this embodiment includes backing plate 49, conductive surface 45, conductive surface 46 (comprising a conductive surface 46a deposited …
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross sectional view of an assembled emitter in accordance with the example illustrated in
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating another example configuration of an ultrasonic emitter in accordance with one embodiment of the technology described herein. P …
FIG. 6C. An air gap G can be included to increase the permeability of the pot core without affecting the shielding capability of the core. Thus, by increasing …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface; an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an audio modulated ultrasonic carrier signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the conductive surface of the first layer and the second output is coupled to the conductive surface of the second layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surface of the first layer and the conductive surface of the second layer are graphene; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein an alternative one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises a metalized film when only one of the conductive surface of the first layer or the conductive surface of the second layer comprises graphene.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resonant frequency, and wherein the modulated ultrasonic carrier signal has a ca rr ier frequency at the resonant frequency of the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 3 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer has a resistance of less than 1 ohms/square.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the conductive surface of the first layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the driver circuit comprises a transductor connected in parallel with the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1, wherein the conductive surface of the first layer comprises a conductive grating.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 1 7claim 13, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
. canceled
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is within the range of from 200 to 500 volts.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 9claim 1, wherein the bias voltage is large enough to overcome a reverse bias on the emitter.
(Cu rr ently Amended) An ultrasonic audio speaker, comprising: an emitter, the emitter comprising: a first layer having a first conductive surface disposed on a substrate, and having a resonant frequency; and a second layer having a second conductive surface, wherein at least one of the first conductive surface and the second conductive surface comprise graphene; [[and]] a driver circuit having two inputs configured to be coupled to receive an ultrasonic carrier audio signal from an amplifier and two outputs, wherein a first output is coupled to the first conductive surface and the second output is coupled to the second conductive surface, wherein SMRH:442581562.1 -4- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 the ultrasonic carrier audio signal has a carrier frequency at the resonant frequency of the first conductive surface, and wherein the driver circuit comprises an inductor connected to form a parallel resonant circuit with the emitter; and a bias voltage source configured to apply a bias voltage across the emitter.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a conductive grating.
The ultrasonic audio speaker according to claim 13, wherein the second conductive surface comprises a rough or pitted surface.
. canceled
An ultrasonic emitter, comprising: a first layer having a conductive surface; a second layer having a conductive surface, the conductive surface of the second layer comprising graphene; and an insulating layer disposed between the first and second conductive surfaces, wherein the first and second layers are disposed in touching relation to the insulating layer, and wherein at least one of the conductive surfaces of the first layer and the second layer are graphene. SMRH:442581562.1 -5- 31XJ-209881 Application No.: 14/511,566 Docket No.: 31X J -209881 withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the first conductive layer comprises graphene. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a metalized film. withdrawn
The ultrasonic emitter according to claim 21, further comprising a grating disposed adjacent the first conductive layer. SMRH:442581562.1 -6- 31XJ-209881 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
ultrasonic audio speaker (emitter with insulating layer)
ultrasonic audio speaker (substrate-based emitter with resonant parallel circuit)
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene
metalized film
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2. In this embodiment, various processing circuits or components are illustrated in the order (relative to the processing path of the signal) in which …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 5) | ≤ 3 ohms/square | graphene |
conductive surface sheet resistance upper bound (claim 6) | ≤ 1 ohms/square |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
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