Patent
US 10,559,830Graphene Foam-Protected Metal Fluoride and Metal Chloride Cathode Active Materials for Lithium Batteries
Aruna Zhamu
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,559,830Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 Schematic of a graphene foam-protected cathode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention. FI G.2(A) A flow chart illustrating …
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
FIG. 3(B), a unit cell or building block of a conventional lithium-ion battery is typically composed of an anode current collector (e.g. Cu foil), an anode or …
FIG.4 A possible mechanism of chemical linking between graphene oxide sheets, which mechanism effectively increases the graphene sheet lateral dimensions.
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG. 6(B) show the thermal conductivity values of the presently invented GO suspension-derived foam, GO foam produced via sacrificial plastic bead …
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.8 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.9(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.10 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-supported FeF 3 …
FIG.11 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected BiF 3 particles, the specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.12 The Ragone plots of three cells: a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 particles, a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.13 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected CuC 1 2 particles and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-CuC …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A cathode or positive electrode layer for a lithium battery, said cathode layer comprising multiple particles or coating of a cathode active material and a solid graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein a. said pore walls contain a pristine graphene material having less than 0.01% by weight of non-carbon elements or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.01% to 5% by weight of non-carbon elements, wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof; b. said cathode active material particles or coating is selected from a metal fluoride or metal chloride, has a size from 1 nm to 10 p m, and is in an amount from 1% to 99.9% by weight based on the total weight of said graphene foam and said cathode active material combined; and c. some of said multiple pores are lodged with said particles or coating of the cathode active material, and said graphene foam is sufficiently elastic to accommodate volume expansion and shrinkage of said particles or coating of the cathode active material during a battery charge-discharge cycle to avoid expansion of said cathode layer. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.01 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 2,000 m 2/g, a thermal conductivity of at least 100 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 1,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said metal fluoride or metal chloride is selected from the group consisting of CoF 3, MnF 3, FeF 3, VF 3, VOF 3, TiF 3, BiF 3, NiF 2, FeF 2, CuF 2, CuF, SnF 2, AgF, CuC l 2, FeC l 3, MnC l 2, and combinations thereof. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the graphene amount is from 0.1 % to 10 % by weight of the total weight of graphene and the cathode active material combined. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 10 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles contain transition metal fluoride or chloride particles in a nanowire, nano-tube, nano-disc, nano-ribbon, nano-belt, or nano platelet form having a diameter or thickness smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, further comprising a carbon or graphite material therein, wherein said carbon or graphite material is in electronic contact with or deposited onto said cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.36 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.5 to 1.7 g/cm 3 or said pores have a pore size from 2 nm to 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-pristine graphene material contains a content of non-carbon elements from 0.01% to 2.0% by weight. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a specific surface area from 200 to 2,000 m 2/g or a density from 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm 3, when measured without the presence of a cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length roll sheet form having a thickness no greater than 300 p m and a length of at least 2 meters and is produced by a roll-to-roll process. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length filamentary form having a thickness or diameter from 1 p m to 10 cm and a length of at least 2 meters. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 1% by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content no greater than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam contains pores having a pore size from 10 nm to 500 nm. Original
A lithium battery containing the cathode layer as defined in claim 1, an anode or negative electrode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having multiple particles of said cathode active material and multiple sheets of a starting graphene material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said starting graphene material is selected from a pristine graphene or a non-pristine graphene material, having a content of non-carbon elements greater than 2% by weight, selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, g raphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof and wherein said dispersion contains an optional blowing agent having a blowing agent-to-graphene material weight ratio from 0/1.0 to 1.0/1.0; (b) dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene/cathode active material mixture, wherein said dispensing and depositing procedure includes subjecting said graphene dispersion to an orientation-inducing stress; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene/cathode active material to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 80 ° C to 3,200 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to induce volatile gas molecules from said non-carbon elements or to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) providing a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls; (b) impregnating solution of a cathode active material reactants into pores of said graphene foam; and (c) effecting a chemical reaction of said reactants to form said cathode active material particles residing in said pores or said cathode active material coating bonded to said graphene pore walls. Original
A roll-to-roll process for producing a continuous-length sheet of the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having a graphene material and a cathode active material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said dispersion contains a blowing agent; (b) continuously or intermittently dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene-cathode material mixture, wherein said supporting substrate is a continuous thin film supplied from a feeder roller and collected on a collector roller; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene- cathode material mixture to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 100 ° C to 3,000 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene foam cathode layer for lithium battery
lithium battery
Materials described outside the worked examples.
non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls)
pristine graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Density | 0.01–1.7 g/cm3 | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Specific Surface Area | 50–2000 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,559,830Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 Schematic of a graphene foam-protected cathode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention. FI G.2(A) A flow chart illustrating …
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
FIG. 3(B), a unit cell or building block of a conventional lithium-ion battery is typically composed of an anode current collector (e.g. Cu foil), an anode or …
FIG.4 A possible mechanism of chemical linking between graphene oxide sheets, which mechanism effectively increases the graphene sheet lateral dimensions.
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG. 6(B) show the thermal conductivity values of the presently invented GO suspension-derived foam, GO foam produced via sacrificial plastic bead …
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.8 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.9(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.10 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-supported FeF 3 …
FIG.11 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected BiF 3 particles, the specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.12 The Ragone plots of three cells: a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 particles, a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.13 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected CuC 1 2 particles and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-CuC …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A cathode or positive electrode layer for a lithium battery, said cathode layer comprising multiple particles or coating of a cathode active material and a solid graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein a. said pore walls contain a pristine graphene material having less than 0.01% by weight of non-carbon elements or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.01% to 5% by weight of non-carbon elements, wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof; b. said cathode active material particles or coating is selected from a metal fluoride or metal chloride, has a size from 1 nm to 10 p m, and is in an amount from 1% to 99.9% by weight based on the total weight of said graphene foam and said cathode active material combined; and c. some of said multiple pores are lodged with said particles or coating of the cathode active material, and said graphene foam is sufficiently elastic to accommodate volume expansion and shrinkage of said particles or coating of the cathode active material during a battery charge-discharge cycle to avoid expansion of said cathode layer. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.01 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 2,000 m 2/g, a thermal conductivity of at least 100 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 1,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said metal fluoride or metal chloride is selected from the group consisting of CoF 3, MnF 3, FeF 3, VF 3, VOF 3, TiF 3, BiF 3, NiF 2, FeF 2, CuF 2, CuF, SnF 2, AgF, CuC l 2, FeC l 3, MnC l 2, and combinations thereof. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the graphene amount is from 0.1 % to 10 % by weight of the total weight of graphene and the cathode active material combined. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 10 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles contain transition metal fluoride or chloride particles in a nanowire, nano-tube, nano-disc, nano-ribbon, nano-belt, or nano platelet form having a diameter or thickness smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, further comprising a carbon or graphite material therein, wherein said carbon or graphite material is in electronic contact with or deposited onto said cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.36 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.5 to 1.7 g/cm 3 or said pores have a pore size from 2 nm to 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-pristine graphene material contains a content of non-carbon elements from 0.01% to 2.0% by weight. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a specific surface area from 200 to 2,000 m 2/g or a density from 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm 3, when measured without the presence of a cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length roll sheet form having a thickness no greater than 300 p m and a length of at least 2 meters and is produced by a roll-to-roll process. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length filamentary form having a thickness or diameter from 1 p m to 10 cm and a length of at least 2 meters. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 1% by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content no greater than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam contains pores having a pore size from 10 nm to 500 nm. Original
A lithium battery containing the cathode layer as defined in claim 1, an anode or negative electrode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having multiple particles of said cathode active material and multiple sheets of a starting graphene material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said starting graphene material is selected from a pristine graphene or a non-pristine graphene material, having a content of non-carbon elements greater than 2% by weight, selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, g raphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof and wherein said dispersion contains an optional blowing agent having a blowing agent-to-graphene material weight ratio from 0/1.0 to 1.0/1.0; (b) dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene/cathode active material mixture, wherein said dispensing and depositing procedure includes subjecting said graphene dispersion to an orientation-inducing stress; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene/cathode active material to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 80 ° C to 3,200 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to induce volatile gas molecules from said non-carbon elements or to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) providing a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls; (b) impregnating solution of a cathode active material reactants into pores of said graphene foam; and (c) effecting a chemical reaction of said reactants to form said cathode active material particles residing in said pores or said cathode active material coating bonded to said graphene pore walls. Original
A roll-to-roll process for producing a continuous-length sheet of the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having a graphene material and a cathode active material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said dispersion contains a blowing agent; (b) continuously or intermittently dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene-cathode material mixture, wherein said supporting substrate is a continuous thin film supplied from a feeder roller and collected on a collector roller; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene- cathode material mixture to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 100 ° C to 3,000 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene foam cathode layer for lithium battery
lithium battery
Materials described outside the worked examples.
non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls)
pristine graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Density | 0.01–1.7 g/cm3 | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Specific Surface Area | 50–2000 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,559,830Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 Schematic of a graphene foam-protected cathode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention. FI G.2(A) A flow chart illustrating …
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
FIG. 3(B), a unit cell or building block of a conventional lithium-ion battery is typically composed of an anode current collector (e.g. Cu foil), an anode or …
FIG.4 A possible mechanism of chemical linking between graphene oxide sheets, which mechanism effectively increases the graphene sheet lateral dimensions.
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG. 6(B) show the thermal conductivity values of the presently invented GO suspension-derived foam, GO foam produced via sacrificial plastic bead …
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.8 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.9(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.10 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-supported FeF 3 …
FIG.11 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected BiF 3 particles, the specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.12 The Ragone plots of three cells: a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 particles, a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.13 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected CuC 1 2 particles and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-CuC …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A cathode or positive electrode layer for a lithium battery, said cathode layer comprising multiple particles or coating of a cathode active material and a solid graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein a. said pore walls contain a pristine graphene material having less than 0.01% by weight of non-carbon elements or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.01% to 5% by weight of non-carbon elements, wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof; b. said cathode active material particles or coating is selected from a metal fluoride or metal chloride, has a size from 1 nm to 10 p m, and is in an amount from 1% to 99.9% by weight based on the total weight of said graphene foam and said cathode active material combined; and c. some of said multiple pores are lodged with said particles or coating of the cathode active material, and said graphene foam is sufficiently elastic to accommodate volume expansion and shrinkage of said particles or coating of the cathode active material during a battery charge-discharge cycle to avoid expansion of said cathode layer. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.01 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 2,000 m 2/g, a thermal conductivity of at least 100 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 1,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said metal fluoride or metal chloride is selected from the group consisting of CoF 3, MnF 3, FeF 3, VF 3, VOF 3, TiF 3, BiF 3, NiF 2, FeF 2, CuF 2, CuF, SnF 2, AgF, CuC l 2, FeC l 3, MnC l 2, and combinations thereof. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the graphene amount is from 0.1 % to 10 % by weight of the total weight of graphene and the cathode active material combined. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 10 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles contain transition metal fluoride or chloride particles in a nanowire, nano-tube, nano-disc, nano-ribbon, nano-belt, or nano platelet form having a diameter or thickness smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, further comprising a carbon or graphite material therein, wherein said carbon or graphite material is in electronic contact with or deposited onto said cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.36 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.5 to 1.7 g/cm 3 or said pores have a pore size from 2 nm to 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-pristine graphene material contains a content of non-carbon elements from 0.01% to 2.0% by weight. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a specific surface area from 200 to 2,000 m 2/g or a density from 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm 3, when measured without the presence of a cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length roll sheet form having a thickness no greater than 300 p m and a length of at least 2 meters and is produced by a roll-to-roll process. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length filamentary form having a thickness or diameter from 1 p m to 10 cm and a length of at least 2 meters. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 1% by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content no greater than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam contains pores having a pore size from 10 nm to 500 nm. Original
A lithium battery containing the cathode layer as defined in claim 1, an anode or negative electrode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having multiple particles of said cathode active material and multiple sheets of a starting graphene material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said starting graphene material is selected from a pristine graphene or a non-pristine graphene material, having a content of non-carbon elements greater than 2% by weight, selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, g raphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof and wherein said dispersion contains an optional blowing agent having a blowing agent-to-graphene material weight ratio from 0/1.0 to 1.0/1.0; (b) dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene/cathode active material mixture, wherein said dispensing and depositing procedure includes subjecting said graphene dispersion to an orientation-inducing stress; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene/cathode active material to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 80 ° C to 3,200 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to induce volatile gas molecules from said non-carbon elements or to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) providing a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls; (b) impregnating solution of a cathode active material reactants into pores of said graphene foam; and (c) effecting a chemical reaction of said reactants to form said cathode active material particles residing in said pores or said cathode active material coating bonded to said graphene pore walls. Original
A roll-to-roll process for producing a continuous-length sheet of the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having a graphene material and a cathode active material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said dispersion contains a blowing agent; (b) continuously or intermittently dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene-cathode material mixture, wherein said supporting substrate is a continuous thin film supplied from a feeder roller and collected on a collector roller; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene- cathode material mixture to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 100 ° C to 3,000 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene foam cathode layer for lithium battery
lithium battery
Materials described outside the worked examples.
non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls)
pristine graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Density | 0.01–1.7 g/cm3 | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Specific Surface Area | 50–2000 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,559,830Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 Schematic of a graphene foam-protected cathode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention. FI G.2(A) A flow chart illustrating …
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
FIG. 3(B), a unit cell or building block of a conventional lithium-ion battery is typically composed of an anode current collector (e.g. Cu foil), an anode or …
FIG.4 A possible mechanism of chemical linking between graphene oxide sheets, which mechanism effectively increases the graphene sheet lateral dimensions.
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG. 6(B) show the thermal conductivity values of the presently invented GO suspension-derived foam, GO foam produced via sacrificial plastic bead …
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.8 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.9(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.10 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-supported FeF 3 …
FIG.11 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected BiF 3 particles, the specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.12 The Ragone plots of three cells: a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected FeF 3 particles, a cell containing a cathode of …
FIG.13 The specific capacity of a cell containing a cathode of graphene foam-protected CuC 1 2 particles and that of a cell containing a cathode of graphene-CuC …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A cathode or positive electrode layer for a lithium battery, said cathode layer comprising multiple particles or coating of a cathode active material and a solid graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein a. said pore walls contain a pristine graphene material having less than 0.01% by weight of non-carbon elements or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.01% to 5% by weight of non-carbon elements, wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof; b. said cathode active material particles or coating is selected from a metal fluoride or metal chloride, has a size from 1 nm to 10 p m, and is in an amount from 1% to 99.9% by weight based on the total weight of said graphene foam and said cathode active material combined; and c. some of said multiple pores are lodged with said particles or coating of the cathode active material, and said graphene foam is sufficiently elastic to accommodate volume expansion and shrinkage of said particles or coating of the cathode active material during a battery charge-discharge cycle to avoid expansion of said cathode layer. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.01 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 2,000 m 2/g, a thermal conductivity of at least 100 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 1,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said metal fluoride or metal chloride is selected from the group consisting of CoF 3, MnF 3, FeF 3, VF 3, VOF 3, TiF 3, BiF 3, NiF 2, FeF 2, CuF 2, CuF, SnF 2, AgF, CuC l 2, FeC l 3, MnC l 2, and combinations thereof. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the graphene amount is from 0.1 % to 10 % by weight of the total weight of graphene and the cathode active material combined. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles or coating has a dimension smaller than 10 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said cathode active material particles contain transition metal fluoride or chloride particles in a nanowire, nano-tube, nano-disc, nano-ribbon, nano-belt, or nano platelet form having a diameter or thickness smaller than 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, further comprising a carbon or graphite material therein, wherein said carbon or graphite material is in electronic contact with or deposited onto said cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.36 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said solid graphene foam has a density from 0.5 to 1.7 g/cm 3 or said pores have a pore size from 2 nm to 100 nm. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-pristine graphene material contains a content of non-carbon elements from 0.01% to 2.0% by weight. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam has a specific surface area from 200 to 2,000 m 2/g or a density from 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm 3, when measured without the presence of a cathode active material. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length roll sheet form having a thickness no greater than 300 p m and a length of at least 2 meters and is produced by a roll-to-roll process. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, which is in a continuous-length filamentary form having a thickness or diameter from 1 p m to 10 cm and a length of at least 2 meters. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 1% by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content less than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has an oxygen content or noncarbon content no greater than 0.01% by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.7, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said graphene foam has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a mosaic spread value no greater than 0.4, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes. Original
The cathode layer of claim 1, wherein said solid graphene foam contains pores having a pore size from 10 nm to 500 nm. Original
A lithium battery containing the cathode layer as defined in claim 1, an anode or negative electrode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having multiple particles of said cathode active material and multiple sheets of a starting graphene material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said starting graphene material is selected from a pristine graphene or a non-pristine graphene material, having a content of non-carbon elements greater than 2% by weight, selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, g raphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof and wherein said dispersion contains an optional blowing agent having a blowing agent-to-graphene material weight ratio from 0/1.0 to 1.0/1.0; (b) dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene/cathode active material mixture, wherein said dispensing and depositing procedure includes subjecting said graphene dispersion to an orientation-inducing stress; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene/cathode active material to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 80 ° C to 3,200 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to induce volatile gas molecules from said non-carbon elements or to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
A process for producing the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) providing a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls; (b) impregnating solution of a cathode active material reactants into pores of said graphene foam; and (c) effecting a chemical reaction of said reactants to form said cathode active material particles residing in said pores or said cathode active material coating bonded to said graphene pore walls. Original
A roll-to-roll process for producing a continuous-length sheet of the cathode layer of claim 1, said process comprising: (a) preparing a graphene dispersion having a graphene material and a cathode active material dispersed in a liquid medium, wherein said dispersion contains a blowing agent; (b) continuously or intermittently dispensing and depositing said graphene dispersion onto a surface of a supporting substrate to form a wet layer of graphene-cathode material mixture, wherein said supporting substrate is a continuous thin film supplied from a feeder roller and collected on a collector roller; (c) partially or completely removing said liquid medium from the wet layer of graphene- cathode material mixture to form a dried layer of mixture material; and (d) heat treating the dried layer of mixture material at a first heat treatment temperature selected from 100 ° C to 3,000 ° C at a desired heating rate sufficient to activate said blowing agent for producing said cathode layer. Original
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene foam cathode layer for lithium battery
lithium battery
Materials described outside the worked examples.
non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls)
pristine graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2(A) shows a flow chart that illustrates the prior art processes used to fabricate flexible graphite foils. The processes typically begin with intercalating …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Density | 0.01–1.7 g/cm3 | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Specific Surface Area | 50–2000 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
metal fluoride or metal chloride cathode active material
carbon or graphite additive
graphene oxide
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Thermal Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 100 W/mK per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Electrical Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 1000 S/cm per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Xrd D Spacing | 0.3354–0.36 nm | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 100–3000 °C | — |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Temperature | 0–500 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Thickness | 2–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 7 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |
metal fluoride or metal chloride cathode active material
carbon or graphite additive
graphene oxide
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Thermal Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 100 W/mK per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Electrical Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 1000 S/cm per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Xrd D Spacing | 0.3354–0.36 nm | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 100–3000 °C | — |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Temperature | 0–500 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Thickness | 2–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 7 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |
metal fluoride or metal chloride cathode active material
carbon or graphite additive
graphene oxide
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Thermal Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 100 W/mK per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Electrical Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 1000 S/cm per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Xrd D Spacing | 0.3354–0.36 nm | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 100–3000 °C | — |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Temperature | 0–500 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Thickness | 2–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 7 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |
metal fluoride or metal chloride cathode active material
carbon or graphite additive
graphene oxide
FIG.5 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Thermal Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 100 W/mK per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Electrical Conductivity Per Specific Gravity | ≥ 1000 S/cm per unit specific gravity | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Xrd D Spacing | 0.3354–0.36 nm | non-pristine graphene (graphene foam pore walls) |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 100–3000 °C | — |
Duration | 30–120 s | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Temperature | 0–500 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Thickness | 2–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.1 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 7 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.336 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.337 nm | — |
— | ≥ 1 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |