Patent
US 9,921,181DETECTION OF TRANSLOCATION EVENTS USING GRAPHENE-BASED NANOPORE ASSEMBLIES
Julia S. Baldauf
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,921,181Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a prior art biomolecule sensing device and 25 current traces of two translocation events;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration showing an exemplary embodiment of a composite nanopore;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a second exemplary composite nanopore with functionalized graphene and silicon nitride pore surfaces;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore functionalized with two different receptors at different locations and current traces of …
FIG. 5 is an exploded, perspective view of alternating graphene sheets and solid- 5 state membranes;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a composite nanopore formed from the alternating graphene sheets and solid-state membranes shown in
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
FIG. 8 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and two layers of graphene strips; 15
FIG. 9 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and four layers of graphene strips;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore array with each electrode and each composite nanopore labelled;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in
FIG. 12 depicts a computer system that may be useful in implementing one or more aspects and/or elements of the disclosed embodiments.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method for detecting translocation events associated with a first target molecule while avoiding multiple binding events with respect to the first target molecule, comprising: obtaining an assembly including a first graphene sheet bounded by first and second solid-state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheet and each of the solid-state membranes, the nanopore having an axis, the graphene sheet being positioned at a selected position with respect to the nanopore axis; bonding one or more receptors selective to the first target molecule only to the first graphene sheet; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore, and detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of detecting a tunneling current within the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of bonding a plurality of receptors selective to the first target molecule to the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, wherein only an edge of the graphene sheet is exposed to the nanopore, further including the step of oxidizing the edge of the graphene sheet prior to bonding the one or more receptors.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene sheet includes a portion protruding into the nanopore.
A method for the simultaneous measurement of ionic current through a nanopore and multiple tunneling currents, comprising: -2- YO R₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 obtaining an assembly including a plurality of graphene sheets in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheets and solid state membranes; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore; detecting ionic current through the nanopore, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the graphene sheets simultaneously with the step of detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 6, further including the step of estimating individual current signals of individual molecules from a combination of the detected ionic current through the nanopore and the detected plurality of tunneling currents.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of determining molecular velocity within the nanopore by monitoring the tunneling currents as a function of time.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of applying an electric potential to at least one of the graphene layers.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of detecting changes in the tunneling currents and using the detected changes in tunneling currents to differentiate at least one of molecular conformations or molecular orientations within the nanopore.
The method of Claim 6, wherein one or more of the graphene sheets is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips including at least one nanopore extending therethrough, each of the graphene sheets and solid state membranes including a plurality of nanopores, further including the steps of introducing the electrolyte solution to the plurality of nanopores, detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the discrete graphene strips simultaneously with the step of detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores.
A system comprising: an assembly including a plurality of graphene layers in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes; [[one or more]] a plurality of nanopores extending through the graphene layers and the solid state membranes, and a plurality of the graphene layers being electrically connected to one or more detectors configured for detecting tunneling currents within the graphene layers associated with charged molecules within the nanopores.
canceled
The system of claim [[16]] 15, wherein each graphene layer is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips -4- YOR₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 including a plurality of the nanopores extending therethrough, a plurality of the graphene strips being electrically connected to the one or more detectors.
The system of claim 17, wherein the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a first direction and the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction, one or more of the graphene strips comprising the first graphene layer overlapping one or more of the graphene strips comprising the second graphene layer.
The system of claim 17, wherein one or more of the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers overlap at least two of the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers.
The system of claim 17, further including electrolyte within the nanopores and means for detecting ionic current through the nanopores. -5-
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
single graphene sheet nanopore assembly
multi-graphene-layer nanopore assembly for simultaneous ionic and tunneling current measurement
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene sheet
solid-state membrane
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,921,181Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a prior art biomolecule sensing device and 25 current traces of two translocation events;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration showing an exemplary embodiment of a composite nanopore;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a second exemplary composite nanopore with functionalized graphene and silicon nitride pore surfaces;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore functionalized with two different receptors at different locations and current traces of …
FIG. 5 is an exploded, perspective view of alternating graphene sheets and solid- 5 state membranes;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a composite nanopore formed from the alternating graphene sheets and solid-state membranes shown in
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
FIG. 8 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and two layers of graphene strips; 15
FIG. 9 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and four layers of graphene strips;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore array with each electrode and each composite nanopore labelled;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in
FIG. 12 depicts a computer system that may be useful in implementing one or more aspects and/or elements of the disclosed embodiments.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method for detecting translocation events associated with a first target molecule while avoiding multiple binding events with respect to the first target molecule, comprising: obtaining an assembly including a first graphene sheet bounded by first and second solid-state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheet and each of the solid-state membranes, the nanopore having an axis, the graphene sheet being positioned at a selected position with respect to the nanopore axis; bonding one or more receptors selective to the first target molecule only to the first graphene sheet; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore, and detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of detecting a tunneling current within the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of bonding a plurality of receptors selective to the first target molecule to the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, wherein only an edge of the graphene sheet is exposed to the nanopore, further including the step of oxidizing the edge of the graphene sheet prior to bonding the one or more receptors.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene sheet includes a portion protruding into the nanopore.
A method for the simultaneous measurement of ionic current through a nanopore and multiple tunneling currents, comprising: -2- YO R₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 obtaining an assembly including a plurality of graphene sheets in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheets and solid state membranes; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore; detecting ionic current through the nanopore, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the graphene sheets simultaneously with the step of detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 6, further including the step of estimating individual current signals of individual molecules from a combination of the detected ionic current through the nanopore and the detected plurality of tunneling currents.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of determining molecular velocity within the nanopore by monitoring the tunneling currents as a function of time.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of applying an electric potential to at least one of the graphene layers.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of detecting changes in the tunneling currents and using the detected changes in tunneling currents to differentiate at least one of molecular conformations or molecular orientations within the nanopore.
The method of Claim 6, wherein one or more of the graphene sheets is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips including at least one nanopore extending therethrough, each of the graphene sheets and solid state membranes including a plurality of nanopores, further including the steps of introducing the electrolyte solution to the plurality of nanopores, detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the discrete graphene strips simultaneously with the step of detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores.
A system comprising: an assembly including a plurality of graphene layers in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes; [[one or more]] a plurality of nanopores extending through the graphene layers and the solid state membranes, and a plurality of the graphene layers being electrically connected to one or more detectors configured for detecting tunneling currents within the graphene layers associated with charged molecules within the nanopores.
canceled
The system of claim [[16]] 15, wherein each graphene layer is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips -4- YOR₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 including a plurality of the nanopores extending therethrough, a plurality of the graphene strips being electrically connected to the one or more detectors.
The system of claim 17, wherein the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a first direction and the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction, one or more of the graphene strips comprising the first graphene layer overlapping one or more of the graphene strips comprising the second graphene layer.
The system of claim 17, wherein one or more of the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers overlap at least two of the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers.
The system of claim 17, further including electrolyte within the nanopores and means for detecting ionic current through the nanopores. -5-
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
single graphene sheet nanopore assembly
multi-graphene-layer nanopore assembly for simultaneous ionic and tunneling current measurement
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene sheet
solid-state membrane
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,921,181Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a prior art biomolecule sensing device and 25 current traces of two translocation events;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration showing an exemplary embodiment of a composite nanopore;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a second exemplary composite nanopore with functionalized graphene and silicon nitride pore surfaces;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore functionalized with two different receptors at different locations and current traces of …
FIG. 5 is an exploded, perspective view of alternating graphene sheets and solid- 5 state membranes;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a composite nanopore formed from the alternating graphene sheets and solid-state membranes shown in
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
FIG. 8 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and two layers of graphene strips; 15
FIG. 9 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and four layers of graphene strips;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore array with each electrode and each composite nanopore labelled;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in
FIG. 12 depicts a computer system that may be useful in implementing one or more aspects and/or elements of the disclosed embodiments.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method for detecting translocation events associated with a first target molecule while avoiding multiple binding events with respect to the first target molecule, comprising: obtaining an assembly including a first graphene sheet bounded by first and second solid-state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheet and each of the solid-state membranes, the nanopore having an axis, the graphene sheet being positioned at a selected position with respect to the nanopore axis; bonding one or more receptors selective to the first target molecule only to the first graphene sheet; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore, and detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of detecting a tunneling current within the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of bonding a plurality of receptors selective to the first target molecule to the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, wherein only an edge of the graphene sheet is exposed to the nanopore, further including the step of oxidizing the edge of the graphene sheet prior to bonding the one or more receptors.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene sheet includes a portion protruding into the nanopore.
A method for the simultaneous measurement of ionic current through a nanopore and multiple tunneling currents, comprising: -2- YO R₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 obtaining an assembly including a plurality of graphene sheets in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheets and solid state membranes; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore; detecting ionic current through the nanopore, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the graphene sheets simultaneously with the step of detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 6, further including the step of estimating individual current signals of individual molecules from a combination of the detected ionic current through the nanopore and the detected plurality of tunneling currents.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of determining molecular velocity within the nanopore by monitoring the tunneling currents as a function of time.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of applying an electric potential to at least one of the graphene layers.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of detecting changes in the tunneling currents and using the detected changes in tunneling currents to differentiate at least one of molecular conformations or molecular orientations within the nanopore.
The method of Claim 6, wherein one or more of the graphene sheets is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips including at least one nanopore extending therethrough, each of the graphene sheets and solid state membranes including a plurality of nanopores, further including the steps of introducing the electrolyte solution to the plurality of nanopores, detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the discrete graphene strips simultaneously with the step of detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores.
A system comprising: an assembly including a plurality of graphene layers in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes; [[one or more]] a plurality of nanopores extending through the graphene layers and the solid state membranes, and a plurality of the graphene layers being electrically connected to one or more detectors configured for detecting tunneling currents within the graphene layers associated with charged molecules within the nanopores.
canceled
The system of claim [[16]] 15, wherein each graphene layer is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips -4- YOR₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 including a plurality of the nanopores extending therethrough, a plurality of the graphene strips being electrically connected to the one or more detectors.
The system of claim 17, wherein the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a first direction and the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction, one or more of the graphene strips comprising the first graphene layer overlapping one or more of the graphene strips comprising the second graphene layer.
The system of claim 17, wherein one or more of the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers overlap at least two of the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers.
The system of claim 17, further including electrolyte within the nanopores and means for detecting ionic current through the nanopores. -5-
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
single graphene sheet nanopore assembly
multi-graphene-layer nanopore assembly for simultaneous ionic and tunneling current measurement
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene sheet
solid-state membrane
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,921,181Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a prior art biomolecule sensing device and 25 current traces of two translocation events;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration showing an exemplary embodiment of a composite nanopore;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a second exemplary composite nanopore with functionalized graphene and silicon nitride pore surfaces;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore functionalized with two different receptors at different locations and current traces of …
FIG. 5 is an exploded, perspective view of alternating graphene sheets and solid- 5 state membranes;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a composite nanopore formed from the alternating graphene sheets and solid-state membranes shown in
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
FIG. 8 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and two layers of graphene strips; 15
FIG. 9 is an exploded, perspective view of a composite nanopore assembly including three layers of solid-state membranes and four layers of graphene strips;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration showing a composite nanopore array with each electrode and each composite nanopore labelled;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in
FIG. 12 depicts a computer system that may be useful in implementing one or more aspects and/or elements of the disclosed embodiments.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method for detecting translocation events associated with a first target molecule while avoiding multiple binding events with respect to the first target molecule, comprising: obtaining an assembly including a first graphene sheet bounded by first and second solid-state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheet and each of the solid-state membranes, the nanopore having an axis, the graphene sheet being positioned at a selected position with respect to the nanopore axis; bonding one or more receptors selective to the first target molecule only to the first graphene sheet; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore, and detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of detecting a tunneling current within the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, further including the step of bonding a plurality of receptors selective to the first target molecule to the graphene sheet.
The method of claim 1, wherein only an edge of the graphene sheet is exposed to the nanopore, further including the step of oxidizing the edge of the graphene sheet prior to bonding the one or more receptors.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene sheet includes a portion protruding into the nanopore.
A method for the simultaneous measurement of ionic current through a nanopore and multiple tunneling currents, comprising: -2- YO R₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 obtaining an assembly including a plurality of graphene sheets in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheets and solid state membranes; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore; detecting ionic current through the nanopore, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the graphene sheets simultaneously with the step of detecting ionic current through the nanopore.
The method of claim 6, further including the step of estimating individual current signals of individual molecules from a combination of the detected ionic current through the nanopore and the detected plurality of tunneling currents.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of determining molecular velocity within the nanopore by monitoring the tunneling currents as a function of time.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of applying an electric potential to at least one of the graphene layers.
The method of Claim 6, further including the step of detecting changes in the tunneling currents and using the detected changes in tunneling currents to differentiate at least one of molecular conformations or molecular orientations within the nanopore.
The method of Claim 6, wherein one or more of the graphene sheets is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips including at least one nanopore extending therethrough, each of the graphene sheets and solid state membranes including a plurality of nanopores, further including the steps of introducing the electrolyte solution to the plurality of nanopores, detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores, and detecting a plurality of tunneling currents within the discrete graphene strips simultaneously with the step of detecting the ionic current through the plurality of nanopores.
A system comprising: an assembly including a plurality of graphene layers in alternating sequence with a plurality of solid state membranes; [[one or more]] a plurality of nanopores extending through the graphene layers and the solid state membranes, and a plurality of the graphene layers being electrically connected to one or more detectors configured for detecting tunneling currents within the graphene layers associated with charged molecules within the nanopores.
canceled
The system of claim [[16]] 15, wherein each graphene layer is comprised of a plurality of discrete graphene strips, each of the discrete graphene strips -4- YOR₉₂₀₁₄₀₁₈₁US₂ Confirmation No. 4973 including a plurality of the nanopores extending therethrough, a plurality of the graphene strips being electrically connected to the one or more detectors.
The system of claim 17, wherein the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a first direction and the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers have longitudinal axes that extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction, one or more of the graphene strips comprising the first graphene layer overlapping one or more of the graphene strips comprising the second graphene layer.
The system of claim 17, wherein one or more of the graphene strips comprising a first of the graphene layers overlap at least two of the graphene strips comprising a second of the graphene layers.
The system of claim 17, further including electrolyte within the nanopores and means for detecting ionic current through the nanopores. -5-
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
single graphene sheet nanopore assembly
multi-graphene-layer nanopore assembly for simultaneous ionic and tunneling current measurement
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene sheet
solid-state membrane
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 7A is a graph showing idealized current traces versus time of six molecules translocating the nanopore of a three-electrode exemplar of a multi-electrode …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
multi-graphene-strip nanopore array assembly
receptor
electrolyte solution
graphene oxide
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in
multi-graphene-strip nanopore array assembly
receptor
electrolyte solution
graphene oxide
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in
multi-graphene-strip nanopore array assembly
receptor
electrolyte solution
graphene oxide
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in
multi-graphene-strip nanopore array assembly
receptor
electrolyte solution
graphene oxide
FIG. 11 is a graph showing current traces corresponding to translocation events 20 within the composite nanopore array shown in