A GO proton battery (battery 300) is described comprising an anode of low-pH GO ink (pH 1-4) with a first charge collector, an optional electrolyte (e.g., Nafion film), and a cathode of high-pH material (KOH-coated stainless steel mesh or GO ink at pH ~13-14) with a second charge collector. The structure Au-GO/Humidity 15%/Au-GO (pH=13) is fabricated by stacking two gold electrodes as charge collectors on top of two different GO films deposited by drop cast method. The battery generates an open circuit voltage of ~1 V in humid air (~30% relative humidity) and recovers its voltage within a few minutes after full discharge without external energy input.

Device 400 comprises a first layer of GO (first concentration of functional groups) and a second layer of a graphene derivative (e.g., rGO, BN, MoS2, WS2, NbSe2, Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂Ox) with a different functional group concentration, forming a junction. Charge collectors are formed on opposing sides. Films are deposited by drop cast, spray coating, spin coating, or ink-jet printing on substrates (PEN, PET, glass, silicon). A graded junction may be formed by concentration gradient, thickness gradient, local laser reduction, or PDMS coating with heating.

A GO proton battery (battery 300) is described comprising an anode of low-pH GO ink (pH 1-4) with a first charge collector, an optional electrolyte (e.g., Nafion film), and a cathode of high-pH material (KOH-coated stainless steel mesh or GO ink at pH ~13-14) with a second charge collector. The structure Au-GO/Humidity 15%/Au-GO (pH=13) is fabricated by stacking two gold electrodes as charge collectors on top of two different GO films deposited by drop cast method. The battery generates an open circuit voltage of ~1 V in humid air (~30% relative humidity) and recovers its voltage within a few minutes after full discharge without external energy input.

Device 400 comprises a first layer of GO (first concentration of functional groups) and a second layer of a graphene derivative (e.g., rGO, BN, MoS2, WS2, NbSe2, Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂Ox) with a different functional group concentration, forming a junction. Charge collectors are formed on opposing sides. Films are deposited by drop cast, spray coating, spin coating, or ink-jet printing on substrates (PEN, PET, glass, silicon). A graded junction may be formed by concentration gradient, thickness gradient, local laser reduction, or PDMS coating with heating.

A GO proton battery (battery 300) is described comprising an anode of low-pH GO ink (pH 1-4) with a first charge collector, an optional electrolyte (e.g., Nafion film), and a cathode of high-pH material (KOH-coated stainless steel mesh or GO ink at pH ~13-14) with a second charge collector. The structure Au-GO/Humidity 15%/Au-GO (pH=13) is fabricated by stacking two gold electrodes as charge collectors on top of two different GO films deposited by drop cast method. The battery generates an open circuit voltage of ~1 V in humid air (~30% relative humidity) and recovers its voltage within a few minutes after full discharge without external energy input.

Device 400 comprises a first layer of GO (first concentration of functional groups) and a second layer of a graphene derivative (e.g., rGO, BN, MoS2, WS2, NbSe2, Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂Ox) with a different functional group concentration, forming a junction. Charge collectors are formed on opposing sides. Films are deposited by drop cast, spray coating, spin coating, or ink-jet printing on substrates (PEN, PET, glass, silicon). A graded junction may be formed by concentration gradient, thickness gradient, local laser reduction, or PDMS coating with heating.

A GO proton battery (battery 300) is described comprising an anode of low-pH GO ink (pH 1-4) with a first charge collector, an optional electrolyte (e.g., Nafion film), and a cathode of high-pH material (KOH-coated stainless steel mesh or GO ink at pH ~13-14) with a second charge collector. The structure Au-GO/Humidity 15%/Au-GO (pH=13) is fabricated by stacking two gold electrodes as charge collectors on top of two different GO films deposited by drop cast method. The battery generates an open circuit voltage of ~1 V in humid air (~30% relative humidity) and recovers its voltage within a few minutes after full discharge without external energy input.

Device 400 comprises a first layer of GO (first concentration of functional groups) and a second layer of a graphene derivative (e.g., rGO, BN, MoS2, WS2, NbSe2, Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂Ox) with a different functional group concentration, forming a junction. Charge collectors are formed on opposing sides. Films are deposited by drop cast, spray coating, spin coating, or ink-jet printing on substrates (PEN, PET, glass, silicon). A graded junction may be formed by concentration gradient, thickness gradient, local laser reduction, or PDMS coating with heating.