FIG. 1 shows a reaction scheme for the synthesis of a composite hydrogel comprising glycidyl methacrylate-functionalized graphene oxide in a PNIPAAm polymer …

FIGS. 2(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microfluidic channel having a microvalve fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a closed (a) …

FIGS. 3(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microlens with a ring actuator fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a large focal length …

FIG. 4 shows an SEM image of graphene oxide (GO) flakes on a silicon substrate. The darkest (black) flakes correspond to those having several stacked GO sheets …

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a method for fabricating a microfluidic channel having a composite hydrogel valve. [0015]

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the thermal response of glycidyl methacrylate- functionalized graphene oxide (GO-GMA) flakes in a DM SO solution under IR light as a …

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the swelling ratio as a function of temperature for a GO- GMA composite hydrogel and for a PNIPAAm hydrogel that does not include GO …

FIGS. 8(a) and (b) are SEM images of a microvalve made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a microfluidic channel in a closed (a) and open (b) position. [0018]

FIGS. 9(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams showing a microlens having a ring actuator made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a short focal length (a) and long …

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing an array of microlenses of the type shown in

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the volume changes for a GO-GMA composite hydrogel and a PNIPAAm hydrogel in the absence of the GO flakes under thermal variance.

FIG. 1 shows a reaction scheme for the synthesis of a composite hydrogel comprising glycidyl methacrylate-functionalized graphene oxide in a PNIPAAm polymer …

FIGS. 2(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microfluidic channel having a microvalve fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a closed (a) …

FIGS. 3(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microlens with a ring actuator fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a large focal length …

FIG. 4 shows an SEM image of graphene oxide (GO) flakes on a silicon substrate. The darkest (black) flakes correspond to those having several stacked GO sheets …

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a method for fabricating a microfluidic channel having a composite hydrogel valve. [0015]

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the thermal response of glycidyl methacrylate- functionalized graphene oxide (GO-GMA) flakes in a DM SO solution under IR light as a …

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the swelling ratio as a function of temperature for a GO- GMA composite hydrogel and for a PNIPAAm hydrogel that does not include GO …

FIGS. 8(a) and (b) are SEM images of a microvalve made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a microfluidic channel in a closed (a) and open (b) position. [0018]

FIGS. 9(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams showing a microlens having a ring actuator made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a short focal length (a) and long …

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing an array of microlenses of the type shown in

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the volume changes for a GO-GMA composite hydrogel and a PNIPAAm hydrogel in the absence of the GO flakes under thermal variance.

FIG. 1 shows a reaction scheme for the synthesis of a composite hydrogel comprising glycidyl methacrylate-functionalized graphene oxide in a PNIPAAm polymer …

FIGS. 2(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microfluidic channel having a microvalve fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a closed (a) …

FIGS. 3(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microlens with a ring actuator fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a large focal length …

FIG. 4 shows an SEM image of graphene oxide (GO) flakes on a silicon substrate. The darkest (black) flakes correspond to those having several stacked GO sheets …

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a method for fabricating a microfluidic channel having a composite hydrogel valve. [0015]

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the thermal response of glycidyl methacrylate- functionalized graphene oxide (GO-GMA) flakes in a DM SO solution under IR light as a …

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the swelling ratio as a function of temperature for a GO- GMA composite hydrogel and for a PNIPAAm hydrogel that does not include GO …

FIGS. 8(a) and (b) are SEM images of a microvalve made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a microfluidic channel in a closed (a) and open (b) position. [0018]

FIGS. 9(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams showing a microlens having a ring actuator made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a short focal length (a) and long …

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing an array of microlenses of the type shown in

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the volume changes for a GO-GMA composite hydrogel and a PNIPAAm hydrogel in the absence of the GO flakes under thermal variance.

FIG. 1 shows a reaction scheme for the synthesis of a composite hydrogel comprising glycidyl methacrylate-functionalized graphene oxide in a PNIPAAm polymer …

FIGS. 2(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microfluidic channel having a microvalve fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a closed (a) …

FIGS. 3(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams of a cross-section of a microlens with a ring actuator fabricated from a composite hydrogel in a large focal length …

FIG. 4 shows an SEM image of graphene oxide (GO) flakes on a silicon substrate. The darkest (black) flakes correspond to those having several stacked GO sheets …

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a method for fabricating a microfluidic channel having a composite hydrogel valve. [0015]

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the thermal response of glycidyl methacrylate- functionalized graphene oxide (GO-GMA) flakes in a DM SO solution under IR light as a …

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the swelling ratio as a function of temperature for a GO- GMA composite hydrogel and for a PNIPAAm hydrogel that does not include GO …

FIGS. 8(a) and (b) are SEM images of a microvalve made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a microfluidic channel in a closed (a) and open (b) position. [0018]

FIGS. 9(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams showing a microlens having a ring actuator made from a GO-GMA composite hydrogel in a short focal length (a) and long …

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing an array of microlenses of the type shown in

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the volume changes for a GO-GMA composite hydrogel and a PNIPAAm hydrogel in the absence of the GO flakes under thermal variance.