A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: constraining one or more layers of multiple f u llerenes between alternating layers of graphene sheets at attachment points; and applying energy to break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes 5 and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating two or more layers of graphene sheets and one or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheets at attachment points, 5 said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; functionalizing the attachment points between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets in the protostructure with tether molecules to add chemical energy to lower the energy barrier at the attachment points; and 10 applying additional energy to the protostructure to overcome the lowered energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the 13 fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined 15 between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating three or more layers of graphene sheets and two or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheet layers at attachment 5 points, said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; and applying energy to the protostructure to overcome the energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and 10 the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: constraining one or more layers of multiple f u llerenes between alternating layers of graphene sheets at attachment points; and applying energy to break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes 5 and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating two or more layers of graphene sheets and one or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheets at attachment points, 5 said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; functionalizing the attachment points between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets in the protostructure with tether molecules to add chemical energy to lower the energy barrier at the attachment points; and 10 applying additional energy to the protostructure to overcome the lowered energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the 13 fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined 15 between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating three or more layers of graphene sheets and two or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheet layers at attachment 5 points, said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; and applying energy to the protostructure to overcome the energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and 10 the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: constraining one or more layers of multiple f u llerenes between alternating layers of graphene sheets at attachment points; and applying energy to break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes 5 and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating two or more layers of graphene sheets and one or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheets at attachment points, 5 said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; functionalizing the attachment points between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets in the protostructure with tether molecules to add chemical energy to lower the energy barrier at the attachment points; and 10 applying additional energy to the protostructure to overcome the lowered energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the 13 fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined 15 between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating three or more layers of graphene sheets and two or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheet layers at attachment 5 points, said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; and applying energy to the protostructure to overcome the energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and 10 the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: constraining one or more layers of multiple f u llerenes between alternating layers of graphene sheets at attachment points; and applying energy to break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes 5 and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating two or more layers of graphene sheets and one or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheets at attachment points, 5 said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; functionalizing the attachment points between the fullerenes and the graphene sheets in the protostructure with tether molecules to add chemical energy to lower the energy barrier at the attachment points; and 10 applying additional energy to the protostructure to overcome the lowered energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the 13 fullerenes and the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined 15 between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.

A method of pillared graphene fabrication, comprising: alternating three or more layers of graphene sheets and two or more layers of fullerenes to form a protostructure having a total Gibbs Free Energy (GFE), each said layer of fullerenes constrained between a pair of graphene sheet layers at attachment 5 points, said fullerenes comprising carbon-carbon double bonds that present an energy barrier to reorganization of the protostructure to a lower GFE; and applying energy to the protostructure to overcome the energy barrier and break carbon-carbon bonds and open holes in the fullerenes and the graphene sheets at the attachment points and chemically reform carbon-carbon bonds between the fullerenes and 10 the graphene sheets around the perimeter of the holes and reorganize carbon-carbon bonds within the fullerenes to form open nanotubes that are conjoined between the graphene sheets to form a stable unitary pillared graphene nanostructure having a lower total GFE than the protostructure.