Patent
US 9,790,334Title: POLYMER- GRAPHENE NANOCOMPOSITES
Allen David CLAUSS, Guiquan PAN, Nicholas Richard WIETFELDT, Matthew Clayton HA et al.
18 September 2014·US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,790,334Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a plot showing dynamic mechanical analysis of a polymer nanocomposite produced according to an embodiment of the technology using a graphene/PVP …
FIG. 2 is a plot showing the tensile strength of graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading. 20
FIG. 3 is a plot showing data from tests of elongation for graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 4 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/HDPE composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 5 is a plot of resistivity as a function of graphene loading for graphene/epoxy 25 composites produced from a 10% graphene/epoxy resin master batch.
FIG. 6 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/epoxy composites as a function of graphene loading. It is …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A master batch composition for making a polymer nanocomposite, the master batch composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer is a polv(vinvl lactam), a polvacrylamide, a thermoplastic polymer, thermoset polymer, polvethylene polymer, polypropylene polymer, polycarbonate polymer, unsaturated polyester, polvvinvlchloride, or epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy and at least 15% 20% by weight exfoliated g raphene.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 1:.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a thermoplastic polymer in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 4-±-1:4.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein the average thickness of the graphene is less than 10 atomic layers, a minimum of 5 % of the graphene is single atomic layer graphene, and the oxygen content of the graphene is less than 1 %.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein less than 10% of the graphene nanoplatelets have a maximum diameter of less than 0.5 microns.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) that has a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to approximately 10,000 u.
2-8. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
13-14.. canceled
canceled
17-20. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
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canceled
A method of making a master batch composition for producing a polymer nanocomposite, the method comprising: a) mixing a slurry of graphene, wherein the slurry of graphene is produced by: i) treating graphite in an N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce solvent exfoliated graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; ii) removing most of the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce a concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; and iii) adding a solvent to the graphene in N-alkyl-pvrrolidone to produce the slurry of graphene in the solvent system in a solvent system with a polymer; and b) removing the solvent system to produce a master batch comprising from 15% 20% to 60% exfoliated g raphene.
The method of claim 21 wherein the mixing is high shear mixing.
The method of claim 21 wherein the polymer is a polyvinyl lactam or a thermoplastic polymer.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent is xylenes or methanol.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent system comprises 2 % to 30 % N-alkyl-pyrrolidone and 70 % to 98 % solvent.
canceled
The method of claim 24 wherein the concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone comprises 2 % to 8 % graphene.
The method of claim 24 comprising filtration to remove the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone.
29-40. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of making a graphene/thermoplastic master batch consisting of the steps: a) concentrating a solution or stable dispersion of exfoliated graphene above the solubility and stable dispersion limit of the exfoliated graphene; 3 RELI-33124/US-2/PCT b) dissolving a thermoplastic polymer in the graphene/solvent slurry in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 graphene to polymer; and c) removing the solvent with continuous mixing to isolate the resultant graphene/polymer master batch as a solid.
A method of making a graphene/polymer master batch, the method comprising: a) exfoliating graphene in a polymerizable solvent, wherein the polymerizable solvent is N- vinyl pvrrolidone or NN-dimethvl acrvlamide to provide a dispersion of exfoliated graphene in the polymerizable solvent; b) polymerizing the polymerizable solvent to produce a graphene/polymer master batch.
4 canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene
polymer (poly(vinyl lactam), polyacrylamide, thermoplastic, thermoset, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, unsaturated polyester, polyvinylchloride, epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
graphene loading in master batch (claimed range) | 15–60 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
average thickness of graphene in master batch | ≤ 10 atomic layers |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,790,334Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a plot showing dynamic mechanical analysis of a polymer nanocomposite produced according to an embodiment of the technology using a graphene/PVP …
FIG. 2 is a plot showing the tensile strength of graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading. 20
FIG. 3 is a plot showing data from tests of elongation for graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 4 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/HDPE composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 5 is a plot of resistivity as a function of graphene loading for graphene/epoxy 25 composites produced from a 10% graphene/epoxy resin master batch.
FIG. 6 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/epoxy composites as a function of graphene loading. It is …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A master batch composition for making a polymer nanocomposite, the master batch composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer is a polv(vinvl lactam), a polvacrylamide, a thermoplastic polymer, thermoset polymer, polvethylene polymer, polypropylene polymer, polycarbonate polymer, unsaturated polyester, polvvinvlchloride, or epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy and at least 15% 20% by weight exfoliated g raphene.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 1:.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a thermoplastic polymer in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 4-±-1:4.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein the average thickness of the graphene is less than 10 atomic layers, a minimum of 5 % of the graphene is single atomic layer graphene, and the oxygen content of the graphene is less than 1 %.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein less than 10% of the graphene nanoplatelets have a maximum diameter of less than 0.5 microns.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) that has a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to approximately 10,000 u.
2-8. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
13-14.. canceled
canceled
17-20. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of making a master batch composition for producing a polymer nanocomposite, the method comprising: a) mixing a slurry of graphene, wherein the slurry of graphene is produced by: i) treating graphite in an N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce solvent exfoliated graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; ii) removing most of the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce a concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; and iii) adding a solvent to the graphene in N-alkyl-pvrrolidone to produce the slurry of graphene in the solvent system in a solvent system with a polymer; and b) removing the solvent system to produce a master batch comprising from 15% 20% to 60% exfoliated g raphene.
The method of claim 21 wherein the mixing is high shear mixing.
The method of claim 21 wherein the polymer is a polyvinyl lactam or a thermoplastic polymer.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent is xylenes or methanol.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent system comprises 2 % to 30 % N-alkyl-pyrrolidone and 70 % to 98 % solvent.
canceled
The method of claim 24 wherein the concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone comprises 2 % to 8 % graphene.
The method of claim 24 comprising filtration to remove the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone.
29-40. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of making a graphene/thermoplastic master batch consisting of the steps: a) concentrating a solution or stable dispersion of exfoliated graphene above the solubility and stable dispersion limit of the exfoliated graphene; 3 RELI-33124/US-2/PCT b) dissolving a thermoplastic polymer in the graphene/solvent slurry in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 graphene to polymer; and c) removing the solvent with continuous mixing to isolate the resultant graphene/polymer master batch as a solid.
A method of making a graphene/polymer master batch, the method comprising: a) exfoliating graphene in a polymerizable solvent, wherein the polymerizable solvent is N- vinyl pvrrolidone or NN-dimethvl acrvlamide to provide a dispersion of exfoliated graphene in the polymerizable solvent; b) polymerizing the polymerizable solvent to produce a graphene/polymer master batch.
4 canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene
polymer (poly(vinyl lactam), polyacrylamide, thermoplastic, thermoset, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, unsaturated polyester, polyvinylchloride, epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
graphene loading in master batch (claimed range) | 15–60 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
average thickness of graphene in master batch | ≤ 10 atomic layers |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,790,334Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a plot showing dynamic mechanical analysis of a polymer nanocomposite produced according to an embodiment of the technology using a graphene/PVP …
FIG. 2 is a plot showing the tensile strength of graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading. 20
FIG. 3 is a plot showing data from tests of elongation for graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 4 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/HDPE composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 5 is a plot of resistivity as a function of graphene loading for graphene/epoxy 25 composites produced from a 10% graphene/epoxy resin master batch.
FIG. 6 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/epoxy composites as a function of graphene loading. It is …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A master batch composition for making a polymer nanocomposite, the master batch composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer is a polv(vinvl lactam), a polvacrylamide, a thermoplastic polymer, thermoset polymer, polvethylene polymer, polypropylene polymer, polycarbonate polymer, unsaturated polyester, polvvinvlchloride, or epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy and at least 15% 20% by weight exfoliated g raphene.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 1:.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a thermoplastic polymer in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 4-±-1:4.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein the average thickness of the graphene is less than 10 atomic layers, a minimum of 5 % of the graphene is single atomic layer graphene, and the oxygen content of the graphene is less than 1 %.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein less than 10% of the graphene nanoplatelets have a maximum diameter of less than 0.5 microns.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) that has a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to approximately 10,000 u.
2-8. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
13-14.. canceled
canceled
17-20. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of making a master batch composition for producing a polymer nanocomposite, the method comprising: a) mixing a slurry of graphene, wherein the slurry of graphene is produced by: i) treating graphite in an N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce solvent exfoliated graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; ii) removing most of the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce a concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; and iii) adding a solvent to the graphene in N-alkyl-pvrrolidone to produce the slurry of graphene in the solvent system in a solvent system with a polymer; and b) removing the solvent system to produce a master batch comprising from 15% 20% to 60% exfoliated g raphene.
The method of claim 21 wherein the mixing is high shear mixing.
The method of claim 21 wherein the polymer is a polyvinyl lactam or a thermoplastic polymer.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent is xylenes or methanol.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent system comprises 2 % to 30 % N-alkyl-pyrrolidone and 70 % to 98 % solvent.
canceled
The method of claim 24 wherein the concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone comprises 2 % to 8 % graphene.
The method of claim 24 comprising filtration to remove the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone.
29-40. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of making a graphene/thermoplastic master batch consisting of the steps: a) concentrating a solution or stable dispersion of exfoliated graphene above the solubility and stable dispersion limit of the exfoliated graphene; 3 RELI-33124/US-2/PCT b) dissolving a thermoplastic polymer in the graphene/solvent slurry in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 graphene to polymer; and c) removing the solvent with continuous mixing to isolate the resultant graphene/polymer master batch as a solid.
A method of making a graphene/polymer master batch, the method comprising: a) exfoliating graphene in a polymerizable solvent, wherein the polymerizable solvent is N- vinyl pvrrolidone or NN-dimethvl acrvlamide to provide a dispersion of exfoliated graphene in the polymerizable solvent; b) polymerizing the polymerizable solvent to produce a graphene/polymer master batch.
4 canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene
polymer (poly(vinyl lactam), polyacrylamide, thermoplastic, thermoset, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, unsaturated polyester, polyvinylchloride, epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
graphene loading in master batch (claimed range) | 15–60 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
average thickness of graphene in master batch | ≤ 10 atomic layers |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,790,334Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a plot showing dynamic mechanical analysis of a polymer nanocomposite produced according to an embodiment of the technology using a graphene/PVP …
FIG. 2 is a plot showing the tensile strength of graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading. 20
FIG. 3 is a plot showing data from tests of elongation for graphene/PVP/polyamide composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 4 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/HDPE composites as a function of graphene loading.
FIG. 5 is a plot of resistivity as a function of graphene loading for graphene/epoxy 25 composites produced from a 10% graphene/epoxy resin master batch.
FIG. 6 is a plot showing data from dynamic mechanical analysis tests of storage modulus for graphene/epoxy composites as a function of graphene loading. It is …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A master batch composition for making a polymer nanocomposite, the master batch composition comprising a polymer, wherein the polymer is a polv(vinvl lactam), a polvacrylamide, a thermoplastic polymer, thermoset polymer, polvethylene polymer, polypropylene polymer, polycarbonate polymer, unsaturated polyester, polvvinvlchloride, or epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy and at least 15% 20% by weight exfoliated g raphene.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 1:.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising graphene and a thermoplastic polymer in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 4-±-1:4.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein the average thickness of the graphene is less than 10 atomic layers, a minimum of 5 % of the graphene is single atomic layer graphene, and the oxygen content of the graphene is less than 1 %.
The master batch composition of claim 1 wherein less than 10% of the graphene nanoplatelets have a maximum diameter of less than 0.5 microns.
The master batch composition of claim 1 comprising a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) that has a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to approximately 10,000 u.
2-8. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
13-14.. canceled
canceled
17-20. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of making a master batch composition for producing a polymer nanocomposite, the method comprising: a) mixing a slurry of graphene, wherein the slurry of graphene is produced by: i) treating graphite in an N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce solvent exfoliated graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; ii) removing most of the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone to produce a concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone; and iii) adding a solvent to the graphene in N-alkyl-pvrrolidone to produce the slurry of graphene in the solvent system in a solvent system with a polymer; and b) removing the solvent system to produce a master batch comprising from 15% 20% to 60% exfoliated g raphene.
The method of claim 21 wherein the mixing is high shear mixing.
The method of claim 21 wherein the polymer is a polyvinyl lactam or a thermoplastic polymer.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent is xylenes or methanol.
The method of claim 21 wherein the solvent system comprises 2 % to 30 % N-alkyl-pyrrolidone and 70 % to 98 % solvent.
canceled
The method of claim 24 wherein the concentrated solution or dispersion of graphene in the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone comprises 2 % to 8 % graphene.
The method of claim 24 comprising filtration to remove the N-alkyl-pyrrolidone.
29-40. Cancelled. canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of making a graphene/thermoplastic master batch consisting of the steps: a) concentrating a solution or stable dispersion of exfoliated graphene above the solubility and stable dispersion limit of the exfoliated graphene; 3 RELI-33124/US-2/PCT b) dissolving a thermoplastic polymer in the graphene/solvent slurry in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 graphene to polymer; and c) removing the solvent with continuous mixing to isolate the resultant graphene/polymer master batch as a solid.
A method of making a graphene/polymer master batch, the method comprising: a) exfoliating graphene in a polymerizable solvent, wherein the polymerizable solvent is N- vinyl pvrrolidone or NN-dimethvl acrvlamide to provide a dispersion of exfoliated graphene in the polymerizable solvent; b) polymerizing the polymerizable solvent to produce a graphene/polymer master batch.
4 canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene
polymer (poly(vinyl lactam), polyacrylamide, thermoplastic, thermoset, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, unsaturated polyester, polyvinylchloride, epoxy vinyl ester, or epoxy)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
graphene loading in master batch (claimed range) | 15–60 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
average thickness of graphene in master batch | ≤ 10 atomic layers |
poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
thermoplastic polymer
N-alkyl-pyrrolidone
solvent (xylenes or methanol)
N-vinylpyrrolidone
N,N-dimethylacrylamide
graphite
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, low molecular weight)
fraction of graphene nanoplatelets with maximum diameter < 0.5 microns | ≤ 10 % | exfoliated graphene |
number average molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in master batch | ≤ 10000 u | poly(vinylpyrrolidone) |
graphene loading in final polymer nanocomposite | 0.5–50 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
graphene concentration in concentrated N-alkyl-pyrrolidone dispersion | 2–8 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 120–150 °C | — |
Duration | 1–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 100–120 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–50 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.5 µm | — |
poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
thermoplastic polymer
N-alkyl-pyrrolidone
solvent (xylenes or methanol)
N-vinylpyrrolidone
N,N-dimethylacrylamide
graphite
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, low molecular weight)
fraction of graphene nanoplatelets with maximum diameter < 0.5 microns | ≤ 10 % | exfoliated graphene |
number average molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in master batch | ≤ 10000 u | poly(vinylpyrrolidone) |
graphene loading in final polymer nanocomposite | 0.5–50 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
graphene concentration in concentrated N-alkyl-pyrrolidone dispersion | 2–8 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 120–150 °C | — |
Duration | 1–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 100–120 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–50 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.5 µm | — |
poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
thermoplastic polymer
N-alkyl-pyrrolidone
solvent (xylenes or methanol)
N-vinylpyrrolidone
N,N-dimethylacrylamide
graphite
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, low molecular weight)
fraction of graphene nanoplatelets with maximum diameter < 0.5 microns | ≤ 10 % | exfoliated graphene |
number average molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in master batch | ≤ 10000 u | poly(vinylpyrrolidone) |
graphene loading in final polymer nanocomposite | 0.5–50 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
graphene concentration in concentrated N-alkyl-pyrrolidone dispersion | 2–8 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 120–150 °C | — |
Duration | 1–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 100–120 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–50 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.5 µm | — |
poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
thermoplastic polymer
N-alkyl-pyrrolidone
solvent (xylenes or methanol)
N-vinylpyrrolidone
N,N-dimethylacrylamide
graphite
poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, low molecular weight)
fraction of graphene nanoplatelets with maximum diameter < 0.5 microns | ≤ 10 % | exfoliated graphene |
number average molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in master batch | ≤ 10000 u | poly(vinylpyrrolidone) |
graphene loading in final polymer nanocomposite | 0.5–50 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
graphene concentration in concentrated N-alkyl-pyrrolidone dispersion | 2–8 wt% | exfoliated graphene |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Temperature | 120–150 °C | — |
Duration | 1–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 100–120 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–50 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.5 µm | — |