Patent
US 10,415,144PRODUCTION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE
ABDELKADER, Amr, KINLOCH, Ian, DRYFE, Robert
28 May 2015·US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,415,144Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 4 displays the TGA curves for GO samples exfoliated via the electro-oxidative process (bottom) against graphite starting material (top) measured between room temperature and 800 0C in N 2;
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1-2. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 2-63, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein at least half of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
A method for the production of either one or both of (i) graphene oxide, and (ii) graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm, in an electrochemical cell, the cell comprising: (a) a positive electrode that is graphitic, wherein the positive electrode is associated with an electrode cohesion element; (b) a negative electrode that may be graphitic or another material; (c) an electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of carboxylate anions and counter ions to the carboxylate anions, the electrolyte having a hydrogen ion concentration of < 1 x 10-1 mol dm-3, wherein the counter ions to the carboxylate anions are metal cations or organic cations; wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell to intercalate the anions into the graphitic positive electrode so as to exfoliate the graphitic positive electrode. Currently amended
4-26. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 263, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein all of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
The method of claim -6 3, wherein the electrode cohesion element is a porous filter. Currently amended
The method of claim 29, wherein the porous filter comprises a material selected from one or more of cellulose dialysis membranes, polycarbonate membranes, and muslin cloth. Previously presented
3 1-34. Canceled
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell for graphene oxide production
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,415,144Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 4 displays the TGA curves for GO samples exfoliated via the electro-oxidative process (bottom) against graphite starting material (top) measured between room temperature and 800 0C in N 2;
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1-2. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 2-63, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein at least half of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
A method for the production of either one or both of (i) graphene oxide, and (ii) graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm, in an electrochemical cell, the cell comprising: (a) a positive electrode that is graphitic, wherein the positive electrode is associated with an electrode cohesion element; (b) a negative electrode that may be graphitic or another material; (c) an electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of carboxylate anions and counter ions to the carboxylate anions, the electrolyte having a hydrogen ion concentration of < 1 x 10-1 mol dm-3, wherein the counter ions to the carboxylate anions are metal cations or organic cations; wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell to intercalate the anions into the graphitic positive electrode so as to exfoliate the graphitic positive electrode. Currently amended
4-26. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 263, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein all of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
The method of claim -6 3, wherein the electrode cohesion element is a porous filter. Currently amended
The method of claim 29, wherein the porous filter comprises a material selected from one or more of cellulose dialysis membranes, polycarbonate membranes, and muslin cloth. Previously presented
3 1-34. Canceled
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell for graphene oxide production
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,415,144Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 4 displays the TGA curves for GO samples exfoliated via the electro-oxidative process (bottom) against graphite starting material (top) measured between room temperature and 800 0C in N 2;
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1-2. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 2-63, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein at least half of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
A method for the production of either one or both of (i) graphene oxide, and (ii) graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm, in an electrochemical cell, the cell comprising: (a) a positive electrode that is graphitic, wherein the positive electrode is associated with an electrode cohesion element; (b) a negative electrode that may be graphitic or another material; (c) an electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of carboxylate anions and counter ions to the carboxylate anions, the electrolyte having a hydrogen ion concentration of < 1 x 10-1 mol dm-3, wherein the counter ions to the carboxylate anions are metal cations or organic cations; wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell to intercalate the anions into the graphitic positive electrode so as to exfoliate the graphitic positive electrode. Currently amended
4-26. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 263, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein all of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
The method of claim -6 3, wherein the electrode cohesion element is a porous filter. Currently amended
The method of claim 29, wherein the porous filter comprises a material selected from one or more of cellulose dialysis membranes, polycarbonate membranes, and muslin cloth. Previously presented
3 1-34. Canceled
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell for graphene oxide production
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,415,144Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 4 displays the TGA curves for GO samples exfoliated via the electro-oxidative process (bottom) against graphite starting material (top) measured between room temperature and 800 0C in N 2;
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1-2. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 2-63, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein at least half of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
A method for the production of either one or both of (i) graphene oxide, and (ii) graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm, in an electrochemical cell, the cell comprising: (a) a positive electrode that is graphitic, wherein the positive electrode is associated with an electrode cohesion element; (b) a negative electrode that may be graphitic or another material; (c) an electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of carboxylate anions and counter ions to the carboxylate anions, the electrolyte having a hydrogen ion concentration of < 1 x 10-1 mol dm-3, wherein the counter ions to the carboxylate anions are metal cations or organic cations; wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell to intercalate the anions into the graphitic positive electrode so as to exfoliate the graphitic positive electrode. Currently amended
4-26. Canceled
Canceled
The method of claim 263, wherein the positive electrode comprises an electrolyte-contacting surface and wherein all of the electrolyte- contacting surface of the positive electrode comes into direct contact with the electrode cohesion element during the step of passing the current through the cell. Currently amended
The method of claim -6 3, wherein the electrode cohesion element is a porous filter. Currently amended
The method of claim 29, wherein the porous filter comprises a material selected from one or more of cellulose dialysis membranes, polycarbonate membranes, and muslin cloth. Previously presented
3 1-34. Canceled
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell for graphene oxide production
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
graphite oxide nanoplatelet structures
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the parent graphite (bottom) and electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) corresponding to Example 1;
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
graphitic positive electrode
carboxylate anion electrolyte
cellulose dialysis membrane
polycarbonate membrane
muslin cloth
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
| — |
Thickness | 2–35 µm | — |
Thickness | 15–30 µm | — |
Thickness | 20–28 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 0–500000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Duration | 10–3600 s | — |
Duration | 10–1800 s | — |
Duration | 10–1200 s | — |
Duration | 10–900 s | — |
Duration | 10–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 30–180 s | — |
Thickness | 110–220 µm | — |
Thickness | 120–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 130–200 µm | — |
Voltage | 1–10 V | — |
Voltage | 2–8 V | — |
Voltage | 2–5 V | — |
Voltage | 3–5 V | — |
Thickness | 120–140 µm | — |
Thickness | 190–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 3–4 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 250 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 µm | — |
Voltage | ≤ 5 V | — |
Thickness | ≥ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 90 µm | — |
Duration | ≥ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 20 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 40 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 90 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 120 minutes | — |
graphitic positive electrode
carboxylate anion electrolyte
cellulose dialysis membrane
polycarbonate membrane
muslin cloth
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
| — |
Thickness | 2–35 µm | — |
Thickness | 15–30 µm | — |
Thickness | 20–28 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 0–500000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Duration | 10–3600 s | — |
Duration | 10–1800 s | — |
Duration | 10–1200 s | — |
Duration | 10–900 s | — |
Duration | 10–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 30–180 s | — |
Thickness | 110–220 µm | — |
Thickness | 120–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 130–200 µm | — |
Voltage | 1–10 V | — |
Voltage | 2–8 V | — |
Voltage | 2–5 V | — |
Voltage | 3–5 V | — |
Thickness | 120–140 µm | — |
Thickness | 190–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 3–4 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 250 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 µm | — |
Voltage | ≤ 5 V | — |
Thickness | ≥ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 90 µm | — |
Duration | ≥ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 20 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 40 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 90 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 120 minutes | — |
graphitic positive electrode
carboxylate anion electrolyte
cellulose dialysis membrane
polycarbonate membrane
muslin cloth
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
| — |
Thickness | 2–35 µm | — |
Thickness | 15–30 µm | — |
Thickness | 20–28 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 0–500000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Duration | 10–3600 s | — |
Duration | 10–1800 s | — |
Duration | 10–1200 s | — |
Duration | 10–900 s | — |
Duration | 10–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 30–180 s | — |
Thickness | 110–220 µm | — |
Thickness | 120–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 130–200 µm | — |
Voltage | 1–10 V | — |
Voltage | 2–8 V | — |
Voltage | 2–5 V | — |
Voltage | 3–5 V | — |
Thickness | 120–140 µm | — |
Thickness | 190–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 3–4 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 250 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 µm | — |
Voltage | ≤ 5 V | — |
Thickness | ≥ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 90 µm | — |
Duration | ≥ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 20 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 40 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 90 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 120 minutes | — |
graphitic positive electrode
carboxylate anion electrolyte
cellulose dialysis membrane
polycarbonate membrane
muslin cloth
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 2 shows the Raman data for electrochemically exfoliated GO (top) and the starting graphite material (bottom) corresponding to Example 1 15 Figure 3a shows an AFM image (top) and corresponding trace (bottom) for monolayer graphene oxide according to Example 1; Figure 3b shows an AFM image …
Figure 5 a shows the XPS spectra for the GO in Example 1 (bottom) and when nitric acid was 25 added to the electrolyte (top-corresponding to Example 8);
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 6 shows the respective TEM and SEM images of material isolated at various stages of the electrochemical process of Example 1. Figure 6a shows round shape 20 -100 nm particles at the first stage of the process; Figure 6b shows nano-ribbons formed at an early process stage. Figure 6c shows a …
Figure 7 shows the XRD data for the material produced in Example 3;
Figure 8 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 8; and 5
Figure 9 shows the XRD data for the graphene oxide produced in Example 7. Examples The following examples are intended to exemplify the methods of the invention. Variations and modifications of the methods provided below whilst remaining within the scope of the 10 invention as defined in the claims …
| — |
Thickness | 2–35 µm | — |
Thickness | 15–30 µm | — |
Thickness | 20–28 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 µm | — |
Thickness | 0–500000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Duration | 10–3600 s | — |
Duration | 10–1800 s | — |
Duration | 10–1200 s | — |
Duration | 10–900 s | — |
Duration | 10–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–600 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 30–180 s | — |
Thickness | 110–220 µm | — |
Thickness | 120–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 130–200 µm | — |
Voltage | 1–10 V | — |
Voltage | 2–8 V | — |
Voltage | 2–5 V | — |
Voltage | 3–5 V | — |
Thickness | 120–140 µm | — |
Thickness | 190–210 µm | — |
Thickness | 3–4 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 250 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 90 µm | — |
Voltage | ≤ 5 V | — |
Thickness | ≥ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 µm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 mm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 90 µm | — |
Duration | ≥ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 20 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 40 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 90 minutes | — |
Duration | ≥ 120 minutes | — |