Patent
US 9,708,190Method for producing modified graphene
Wei-Hung Chiang
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The present invention utilizes a substituted radical to reduce the amount of sulfate, which successfully reduces 90 % of th e amount of concentrated sulfuric acid during the manufacturing process, and achieve which achieves a yield up to 100%;
The method according to any one of claims 1 claim 3, wherein the modified graphene includes [flJ graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphene oxide nanoribbon, graphene oxide quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT, graphen e oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT, GO and graphene, graphite oxide and graphite. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.3.svg 0.19 7.09 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene.
For synthesis of modified graphenes, the oxygen-containing functional groups thereon are retained and feasible for separation by different means, to control [[size]] sizes or shape shapes thereof, as well as the proportion of the functional groups being is high, which results in better dispersion; and
The present invention successfully exfoliates MWCNTs or oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes [[and]] still retains nearly 100 % yield, and reduces 90 % consumption of concentrated sulfuric acid. Claims What is claimed is:
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the carbon substrate includes substrates include single-walled carbon nanotubes, 13 Serial No. 14/964,742 oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized double- walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene or oxidized graphene, the weight ratio of the mixture of sulfate: carbonate: the carbon substrate ranges from 10 ml: 0.5g: 0. 1 g to 10ml: 5 g: 0. lg, wh e reb y the and yield of the modified graphene from the carbon substrates is over 80%.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.4.svg 0.18 8.44 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated 14 Serial No. 14/964,742 carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, stirring or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pre tr eated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, sti rr ing or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of exfo liating or cutting the pre tr eated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim [[2]] 4 wherein the step of exfoliating or cutting the pretreated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
Claims 15-17. canceled
canceled
canceled
Embodiments described in the patent, grouped by the materials and process steps they use.
5 materials1 process step
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to a solution containing potassium nitrate and sulfuric acid at a ratio of potassium nitrate:sulfuric acid:carbon substrate = 1 g:10 ml:0.1 g. Nitrate and sulfate were intercalated into the spacing between interlayers of the MWCNTs to weaken the binding force. Potassium permanganate was then added and the mixed solution was heated to 30–70 °C for 1–2 hours, causing the MWCNTs to form breaking points and crack into graphene nanoribbons at approximately 100% yield.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
sulfate (intercalating agent)
modified graphene
oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes
single-walled carbon nanotubes
double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
graphene
oxidized graphene
sulfate
carbonate
graphene oxide nanoribbon
graphene oxide quantum dots
graphene quantum dots
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT
GO and graphene composite
graphite oxide
nitrate (intercalating agent)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Fet Sheet Resistance | 15–40000000 ohm/sq | modified graphene |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
METAL NANOPARTICLE-GRAPHENE COMPOSITES AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USE
GRAPHENE, COMPOSITION FOR PREPARING GRAPHENE, AND METHOD OF PREPARING GRAPHENE USING THE COMPOSITION
Tethering of Cofactors on Graphene-like Materials
3D PRINTING OF GRAPHENE (OXIDE) COMPOSITES
C-RICH CARBON BORON NITRIDE DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR USE IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The present invention utilizes a substituted radical to reduce the amount of sulfate, which successfully reduces 90 % of th e amount of concentrated sulfuric acid during the manufacturing process, and achieve which achieves a yield up to 100%;
The method according to any one of claims 1 claim 3, wherein the modified graphene includes [flJ graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphene oxide nanoribbon, graphene oxide quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT, graphen e oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT, GO and graphene, graphite oxide and graphite. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.3.svg 0.19 7.09 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene.
For synthesis of modified graphenes, the oxygen-containing functional groups thereon are retained and feasible for separation by different means, to control [[size]] sizes or shape shapes thereof, as well as the proportion of the functional groups being is high, which results in better dispersion; and
The present invention successfully exfoliates MWCNTs or oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes [[and]] still retains nearly 100 % yield, and reduces 90 % consumption of concentrated sulfuric acid. Claims What is claimed is:
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the carbon substrate includes substrates include single-walled carbon nanotubes, 13 Serial No. 14/964,742 oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized double- walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene or oxidized graphene, the weight ratio of the mixture of sulfate: carbonate: the carbon substrate ranges from 10 ml: 0.5g: 0. 1 g to 10ml: 5 g: 0. lg, wh e reb y the and yield of the modified graphene from the carbon substrates is over 80%.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.4.svg 0.18 8.44 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated 14 Serial No. 14/964,742 carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, stirring or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pre tr eated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, sti rr ing or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of exfo liating or cutting the pre tr eated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim [[2]] 4 wherein the step of exfoliating or cutting the pretreated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
Claims 15-17. canceled
canceled
canceled
Embodiments described in the patent, grouped by the materials and process steps they use.
5 materials1 process step
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to a solution containing potassium nitrate and sulfuric acid at a ratio of potassium nitrate:sulfuric acid:carbon substrate = 1 g:10 ml:0.1 g. Nitrate and sulfate were intercalated into the spacing between interlayers of the MWCNTs to weaken the binding force. Potassium permanganate was then added and the mixed solution was heated to 30–70 °C for 1–2 hours, causing the MWCNTs to form breaking points and crack into graphene nanoribbons at approximately 100% yield.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
sulfate (intercalating agent)
modified graphene
oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes
single-walled carbon nanotubes
double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
graphene
oxidized graphene
sulfate
carbonate
graphene oxide nanoribbon
graphene oxide quantum dots
graphene quantum dots
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT
GO and graphene composite
graphite oxide
nitrate (intercalating agent)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Fet Sheet Resistance | 15–40000000 ohm/sq | modified graphene |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
METAL NANOPARTICLE-GRAPHENE COMPOSITES AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USE
GRAPHENE, COMPOSITION FOR PREPARING GRAPHENE, AND METHOD OF PREPARING GRAPHENE USING THE COMPOSITION
Tethering of Cofactors on Graphene-like Materials
3D PRINTING OF GRAPHENE (OXIDE) COMPOSITES
C-RICH CARBON BORON NITRIDE DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR USE IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The present invention utilizes a substituted radical to reduce the amount of sulfate, which successfully reduces 90 % of th e amount of concentrated sulfuric acid during the manufacturing process, and achieve which achieves a yield up to 100%;
The method according to any one of claims 1 claim 3, wherein the modified graphene includes [flJ graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphene oxide nanoribbon, graphene oxide quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT, graphen e oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT, GO and graphene, graphite oxide and graphite. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.3.svg 0.19 7.09 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene.
For synthesis of modified graphenes, the oxygen-containing functional groups thereon are retained and feasible for separation by different means, to control [[size]] sizes or shape shapes thereof, as well as the proportion of the functional groups being is high, which results in better dispersion; and
The present invention successfully exfoliates MWCNTs or oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes [[and]] still retains nearly 100 % yield, and reduces 90 % consumption of concentrated sulfuric acid. Claims What is claimed is:
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the carbon substrate includes substrates include single-walled carbon nanotubes, 13 Serial No. 14/964,742 oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized double- walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene or oxidized graphene, the weight ratio of the mixture of sulfate: carbonate: the carbon substrate ranges from 10 ml: 0.5g: 0. 1 g to 10ml: 5 g: 0. lg, wh e reb y the and yield of the modified graphene from the carbon substrates is over 80%.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.4.svg 0.18 8.44 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated 14 Serial No. 14/964,742 carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, stirring or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pre tr eated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, sti rr ing or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of exfo liating or cutting the pre tr eated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim [[2]] 4 wherein the step of exfoliating or cutting the pretreated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
Claims 15-17. canceled
canceled
canceled
Embodiments described in the patent, grouped by the materials and process steps they use.
5 materials1 process step
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to a solution containing potassium nitrate and sulfuric acid at a ratio of potassium nitrate:sulfuric acid:carbon substrate = 1 g:10 ml:0.1 g. Nitrate and sulfate were intercalated into the spacing between interlayers of the MWCNTs to weaken the binding force. Potassium permanganate was then added and the mixed solution was heated to 30–70 °C for 1–2 hours, causing the MWCNTs to form breaking points and crack into graphene nanoribbons at approximately 100% yield.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
sulfate (intercalating agent)
modified graphene
oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes
single-walled carbon nanotubes
double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
graphene
oxidized graphene
sulfate
carbonate
graphene oxide nanoribbon
graphene oxide quantum dots
graphene quantum dots
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT
GO and graphene composite
graphite oxide
nitrate (intercalating agent)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Fet Sheet Resistance | 15–40000000 ohm/sq | modified graphene |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
METAL NANOPARTICLE-GRAPHENE COMPOSITES AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USE
GRAPHENE, COMPOSITION FOR PREPARING GRAPHENE, AND METHOD OF PREPARING GRAPHENE USING THE COMPOSITION
Tethering of Cofactors on Graphene-like Materials
3D PRINTING OF GRAPHENE (OXIDE) COMPOSITES
C-RICH CARBON BORON NITRIDE DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR USE IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The present invention utilizes a substituted radical to reduce the amount of sulfate, which successfully reduces 90 % of th e amount of concentrated sulfuric acid during the manufacturing process, and achieve which achieves a yield up to 100%;
The method according to any one of claims 1 claim 3, wherein the modified graphene includes [flJ graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphene oxide nanoribbon, graphene oxide quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT, graphen e oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT, graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT, GO and graphene, graphite oxide and graphite. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.3.svg 0.19 7.09 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene.
For synthesis of modified graphenes, the oxygen-containing functional groups thereon are retained and feasible for separation by different means, to control [[size]] sizes or shape shapes thereof, as well as the proportion of the functional groups being is high, which results in better dispersion; and
The present invention successfully exfoliates MWCNTs or oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes [[and]] still retains nearly 100 % yield, and reduces 90 % consumption of concentrated sulfuric acid. Claims What is claimed is:
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the carbon substrate includes substrates include single-walled carbon nanotubes, 13 Serial No. 14/964,742 oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized double- walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene or oxidized graphene, the weight ratio of the mixture of sulfate: carbonate: the carbon substrate ranges from 10 ml: 0.5g: 0. 1 g to 10ml: 5 g: 0. lg, wh e reb y the and yield of the modified graphene from the carbon substrates is over 80%.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises treating the pretreated carbon substrates with potassium permanganate to oxidize the pretreated carbon substrates to obtain the modified graphene. SVG 14964742.03-22-2017.J₀L₉UX₈GRXEAPX4.CLM.4.svg 0.18 8.44 Black and white comprising intercalating or inserting a mixture of intercalating agents in a spacing within carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to weaken a binding force between interlayers of the carbon substrates or between the carbon substrates to form pretreated 14 Serial No. 14/964,742 carbon substrates; and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form a modified graphene, wherein the step of the mixture of intercalating agents contains sulfate and nitrate, and exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, stirring or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to any one of claims claim 3, wherein the step of exfoliating the pre tr eated carbon substrates to form the modified graphene comprises exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by ultrasonication, sti rr ing or mechanical force to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of exfo liating or cutting the pre tr eated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
The method according to claim [[2]] 4 wherein the step of exfoliating or cutting the pretreated carbon substrates to [[from]] form the modified graphene includes exfoliating the pretreated carbon substrates by homogenizing using a homogenizer to form the modified graphene.
Claims 15-17. canceled
canceled
canceled
Embodiments described in the patent, grouped by the materials and process steps they use.
5 materials1 process step
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to a solution containing potassium nitrate and sulfuric acid at a ratio of potassium nitrate:sulfuric acid:carbon substrate = 1 g:10 ml:0.1 g. Nitrate and sulfate were intercalated into the spacing between interlayers of the MWCNTs to weaken the binding force. Potassium permanganate was then added and the mixed solution was heated to 30–70 °C for 1–2 hours, causing the MWCNTs to form breaking points and crack into graphene nanoribbons at approximately 100% yield.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
sulfate (intercalating agent)
modified graphene
oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes
single-walled carbon nanotubes
double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized double-walled carbon nanotubes
oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
graphene
oxidized graphene
sulfate
carbonate
graphene oxide nanoribbon
graphene oxide quantum dots
graphene quantum dots
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and CNT
composite of graphene oxide quantum dot and oxidized CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and CNT
composite of graphene oxide nanoribbon and oxidized CNT
GO and graphene composite
graphite oxide
nitrate (intercalating agent)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Fet Sheet Resistance | 15–40000000 ohm/sq | modified graphene |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
METAL NANOPARTICLE-GRAPHENE COMPOSITES AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USE
GRAPHENE, COMPOSITION FOR PREPARING GRAPHENE, AND METHOD OF PREPARING GRAPHENE USING THE COMPOSITION
Tethering of Cofactors on Graphene-like Materials
3D PRINTING OF GRAPHENE (OXIDE) COMPOSITES
C-RICH CARBON BORON NITRIDE DIELECTRIC FILMS FOR USE IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES