Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,140,389Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIGS. 1-5 Attachments: Replacement Sheet 1/5 Replacement Sheet 2/5 Replacement Sheet 3/5 Replacement Sheet 4/5 Replacement Sheet 5/5 Claims What is claimed is: …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
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A g raphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser formed from a graphenebased stee4, comprising: (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area f rom 60 to 2630 m2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is fun c tionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO O H,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -C H 3, -CaC,-YbC 6,--GsI₂ -- C₆₀ H2, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -H F, -F 2, and-NHNH 2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) a microstructure wiaverag grai-sze ranging from 500, to 50 formed by the graphene nanosheets and at-least- one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof; (c) a tubular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the main alloying elements are present in the graphene-based steel in amounts va r ying from 0.01-0.3% Al, 0.01- SVG 14124966.05-13-2015.I₉OEBSKOPXXIFW2.CLM16643438.26.291.2636.2517.2707.svg 0.237 7.42 Graph Black and white Si, 0.1-3.0% W, 0.01-0.1% V, whose contents can vary from specifications of API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X₁₀₀ and X120, 2H, 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, grade Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 2 of 11 BSI 4360, DIN EN 10208-2, or chosen from a different steel specification, accepting additional alloying elements up to 0.8% N, 0.25% Nb, 0.006% Ca, and 0.03% Ti.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein a cross-sectional shape of the tubular geometry is one of circular, elliptical, triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal, [[and]] or another polyhedral geometry.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is derived from the graphene shot in combination with other shot formed from at-eas t one of aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, tungsten, oxides thereo f, and diamond, or a combination thereof.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is further coated with a multifunctional coating layer of thickness between 30 nm and 5.0 mm, wherein the multif u nctional layer is at least one of graphene-based and made by a combination of: i) at-least- one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO 3, MgBr 2, Ca F2, Si O2, Cr O 3, Cr 2O 3, WC, W O 3, W O4, A₁₂O 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is at least one of resistant to corrosion, resistant to chemical attacks, and a thermal insulator; ii) a metal-earth a lu minate doped with a lanthanide ion (L n), comprising MA l20 4:Ln, M₃A l206:Ln, M 4 A₁₁₄ 02s:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca, and wherein the multif un ctional layer is luminescent; and iii) at-leat- one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO 3, Ag, and Au, o r a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is antibacterial.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the carbon content is between 0.01 and 0.20%. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 3 of 11
(Cu rr ently Amended) The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the graphene-based steel further includes 0.17% Si, 0.021% Al, 0.63% N, 0.052% Nb, 0.56% Mn, 0.20% Ni, 0.013% Ti, 0.03% V, 0.13% Mo, 0.12% Cr, 0.002% Cu, and is-Fe-balaneed the remainder Fe.
A method e- manufaer+ing for the production of a g raphene- based steel tube, pipe, or riser fo re frm ±° graphene ba stee l, the method comprising the steps o f: (a) mixing powders in a chemical composition for the graphene-based steel to provide a mixture including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is f u nctionalized by at least one fun ctional group selected f r om the group consisting of -COOH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH,-CH3, -CaC6, -YbC6,--G₀H₁₂ -C 60H2,-OH, -H, -F, -HC l,-HF, -F 2, and -NHNH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) heat treating the mixture obtained in step (a) at a temperature between 1000 and 3773 K to sinter or melt the mixture and produce at least the formation of an austenite phase to provide the graphene-based steel, followed by a cooling of the graphene-based steel; (c) forming a tubular geometry with the graphene-based steel f r om step (b) by e rn e-e f- a cold process [[and]] or a hot process, the tubular geometry having a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; (d) surface finishing the graphene-based steel in the tubular geometry by shot peening a surface of the graphene-based steel with graphene shot.
The method of Claim 24, f u rther comprising [[the]] a step o f covering the shot peened surface with a multifunctional coating layer, the multif u nctional layer having a thickness between 30 m n and 5.0 mm and formed f r om at least one of graphene and a combination of: at-least one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO3, MgBr 2, CaF 2, SiO2, Cr O3, Cr 20 3, WC, WO 3, W O4, A 120 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof; a metal-earth aluminate doped with Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 4 of 11 lanthanide ions (Ln), comprising MA 1204:Ln, M₃A 12O6:Ln, M₄A₁₁₄ 025:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca; and at least one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBNi TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO3, Ag, and Au.
The method of Claim 24, further comprising the step of perfo rm ing the nanof un ctionalization of the graphene nanosheets before their addition to the chemical composition, the nanofunctionalization including a heat treatment between 120 and 400 ±°C.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the concentration of the main alloying elements in step (a) are selected from one of following specifications: API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X 100, X120, 2H, or 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, BSI 4360 grade, and DIN EN 10208-2.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The method of Claim 24, wherein step (a) further i nludes accepts adding a supplementary alloying element including at-±°east-ene-ef -99-9-8 % up to 0.8% N, 909-0-25% 0.25% Nb, 90-0:986%-0.006% Ca, andh 0.-9.3%- or 0.03% Ti.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the graphene-based steel has a microstructure w average grai n size rni frm 50 n form ed by the graphene nanosheets and-a t-le- ast one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the sintering or melting of the powder mixture in step (b) is started from en e-e4 a solid phase [[and]] or a liquid phase.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is made by at-east one of lamination, extrusion, forging, drawing, deep drawing, stretching, bending, shear, puckering, machining, casting, spinning, and injection molding, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is one of seamless or seamed, with a region of one of elastic and plastic defo r mation.
A method for the use of a graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser for conve y ing transpe4atien-ef petroleu m, gas or biofuels in onshore or offshore systems, the method comprising the steps of: providing [[a]] t h e tube, pipe, or riser formed from [[a]] t he graphene-based steel, including (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 m, and wherein the graphene is functionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO OH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -CH3, -CaC 6, -YbC 6,--G01H -- C₆Hz, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -HF, -F 2, and -N NH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel, (b) a microstructure with-average grain si-ze ramgi g-from-nm-,,,+0-m-,form ed by the graphene nanosheets and at 4eas t one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe₃C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] o r a combination thereof, (c) a tu bular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm, and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot; and Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 6 of 11 using the tube, pipe, or riser for the drilling, completion, production, injection or exportation of the petroleum, gas or biof u els, or as geo-markers of distance and depth of submarine water.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is used as part of: a pipeline; a gas pipeline; a rigid or flexible riser; a submarine connection; a tubular connections in a "T", "J", "L", "H" or "U" shape; a machined thread; a subsea component; a column; a submarine facility; a water well; an oil storage tank; a st ru cture of oil production; a drilling platfo rm; a semi-submersible; an accommodation; a helipad; an umbilical; a component of a ship and oil tanker; a tower; a covered platform; [[and]] o r a mobile offshore drilling unit.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is sectioned to provide standardized or non-standardized specimen (SP) samples for mechanical tests to evaluate structural integrity with at least one of the following features: pre-crack, specimen width of 55 mm; distance between axis of holes for loading pins of 114 mm; radius of curvature of SP of 10 mm; wall width of 32 mm; distance from the SP edge to the center of the h o les of 31 mm; straight section to the center of the hole equal to 19 mm; length of the base of 50 mm; total SP length equal to 176 mm; straight section to the crack center equal to 28 mm; radius of curvature of the base equal to 10 mm; [[a nd]] or specimen thic l ess between 2.0 and 15 mm. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 7 of 11
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-based steel
graphene nanosheets
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 800–80000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–5000 mm |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,140,389Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIGS. 1-5 Attachments: Replacement Sheet 1/5 Replacement Sheet 2/5 Replacement Sheet 3/5 Replacement Sheet 4/5 Replacement Sheet 5/5 Claims What is claimed is: …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
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A g raphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser formed from a graphenebased stee4, comprising: (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area f rom 60 to 2630 m2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is fun c tionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO O H,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -C H 3, -CaC,-YbC 6,--GsI₂ -- C₆₀ H2, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -H F, -F 2, and-NHNH 2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) a microstructure wiaverag grai-sze ranging from 500, to 50 formed by the graphene nanosheets and at-least- one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof; (c) a tubular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the main alloying elements are present in the graphene-based steel in amounts va r ying from 0.01-0.3% Al, 0.01- SVG 14124966.05-13-2015.I₉OEBSKOPXXIFW2.CLM16643438.26.291.2636.2517.2707.svg 0.237 7.42 Graph Black and white Si, 0.1-3.0% W, 0.01-0.1% V, whose contents can vary from specifications of API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X₁₀₀ and X120, 2H, 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, grade Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 2 of 11 BSI 4360, DIN EN 10208-2, or chosen from a different steel specification, accepting additional alloying elements up to 0.8% N, 0.25% Nb, 0.006% Ca, and 0.03% Ti.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein a cross-sectional shape of the tubular geometry is one of circular, elliptical, triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal, [[and]] or another polyhedral geometry.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is derived from the graphene shot in combination with other shot formed from at-eas t one of aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, tungsten, oxides thereo f, and diamond, or a combination thereof.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is further coated with a multifunctional coating layer of thickness between 30 nm and 5.0 mm, wherein the multif u nctional layer is at least one of graphene-based and made by a combination of: i) at-least- one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO 3, MgBr 2, Ca F2, Si O2, Cr O 3, Cr 2O 3, WC, W O 3, W O4, A₁₂O 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is at least one of resistant to corrosion, resistant to chemical attacks, and a thermal insulator; ii) a metal-earth a lu minate doped with a lanthanide ion (L n), comprising MA l20 4:Ln, M₃A l206:Ln, M 4 A₁₁₄ 02s:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca, and wherein the multif un ctional layer is luminescent; and iii) at-leat- one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO 3, Ag, and Au, o r a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is antibacterial.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the carbon content is between 0.01 and 0.20%. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 3 of 11
(Cu rr ently Amended) The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the graphene-based steel further includes 0.17% Si, 0.021% Al, 0.63% N, 0.052% Nb, 0.56% Mn, 0.20% Ni, 0.013% Ti, 0.03% V, 0.13% Mo, 0.12% Cr, 0.002% Cu, and is-Fe-balaneed the remainder Fe.
A method e- manufaer+ing for the production of a g raphene- based steel tube, pipe, or riser fo re frm ±° graphene ba stee l, the method comprising the steps o f: (a) mixing powders in a chemical composition for the graphene-based steel to provide a mixture including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is f u nctionalized by at least one fun ctional group selected f r om the group consisting of -COOH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH,-CH3, -CaC6, -YbC6,--G₀H₁₂ -C 60H2,-OH, -H, -F, -HC l,-HF, -F 2, and -NHNH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) heat treating the mixture obtained in step (a) at a temperature between 1000 and 3773 K to sinter or melt the mixture and produce at least the formation of an austenite phase to provide the graphene-based steel, followed by a cooling of the graphene-based steel; (c) forming a tubular geometry with the graphene-based steel f r om step (b) by e rn e-e f- a cold process [[and]] or a hot process, the tubular geometry having a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; (d) surface finishing the graphene-based steel in the tubular geometry by shot peening a surface of the graphene-based steel with graphene shot.
The method of Claim 24, f u rther comprising [[the]] a step o f covering the shot peened surface with a multifunctional coating layer, the multif u nctional layer having a thickness between 30 m n and 5.0 mm and formed f r om at least one of graphene and a combination of: at-least one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO3, MgBr 2, CaF 2, SiO2, Cr O3, Cr 20 3, WC, WO 3, W O4, A 120 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof; a metal-earth aluminate doped with Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 4 of 11 lanthanide ions (Ln), comprising MA 1204:Ln, M₃A 12O6:Ln, M₄A₁₁₄ 025:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca; and at least one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBNi TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO3, Ag, and Au.
The method of Claim 24, further comprising the step of perfo rm ing the nanof un ctionalization of the graphene nanosheets before their addition to the chemical composition, the nanofunctionalization including a heat treatment between 120 and 400 ±°C.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the concentration of the main alloying elements in step (a) are selected from one of following specifications: API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X 100, X120, 2H, or 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, BSI 4360 grade, and DIN EN 10208-2.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The method of Claim 24, wherein step (a) further i nludes accepts adding a supplementary alloying element including at-±°east-ene-ef -99-9-8 % up to 0.8% N, 909-0-25% 0.25% Nb, 90-0:986%-0.006% Ca, andh 0.-9.3%- or 0.03% Ti.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the graphene-based steel has a microstructure w average grai n size rni frm 50 n form ed by the graphene nanosheets and-a t-le- ast one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the sintering or melting of the powder mixture in step (b) is started from en e-e4 a solid phase [[and]] or a liquid phase.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is made by at-east one of lamination, extrusion, forging, drawing, deep drawing, stretching, bending, shear, puckering, machining, casting, spinning, and injection molding, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is one of seamless or seamed, with a region of one of elastic and plastic defo r mation.
A method for the use of a graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser for conve y ing transpe4atien-ef petroleu m, gas or biofuels in onshore or offshore systems, the method comprising the steps of: providing [[a]] t h e tube, pipe, or riser formed from [[a]] t he graphene-based steel, including (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 m, and wherein the graphene is functionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO OH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -CH3, -CaC 6, -YbC 6,--G01H -- C₆Hz, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -HF, -F 2, and -N NH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel, (b) a microstructure with-average grain si-ze ramgi g-from-nm-,,,+0-m-,form ed by the graphene nanosheets and at 4eas t one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe₃C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] o r a combination thereof, (c) a tu bular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm, and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot; and Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 6 of 11 using the tube, pipe, or riser for the drilling, completion, production, injection or exportation of the petroleum, gas or biof u els, or as geo-markers of distance and depth of submarine water.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is used as part of: a pipeline; a gas pipeline; a rigid or flexible riser; a submarine connection; a tubular connections in a "T", "J", "L", "H" or "U" shape; a machined thread; a subsea component; a column; a submarine facility; a water well; an oil storage tank; a st ru cture of oil production; a drilling platfo rm; a semi-submersible; an accommodation; a helipad; an umbilical; a component of a ship and oil tanker; a tower; a covered platform; [[and]] o r a mobile offshore drilling unit.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is sectioned to provide standardized or non-standardized specimen (SP) samples for mechanical tests to evaluate structural integrity with at least one of the following features: pre-crack, specimen width of 55 mm; distance between axis of holes for loading pins of 114 mm; radius of curvature of SP of 10 mm; wall width of 32 mm; distance from the SP edge to the center of the h o les of 31 mm; straight section to the center of the hole equal to 19 mm; length of the base of 50 mm; total SP length equal to 176 mm; straight section to the crack center equal to 28 mm; radius of curvature of the base equal to 10 mm; [[a nd]] or specimen thic l ess between 2.0 and 15 mm. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 7 of 11
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-based steel
graphene nanosheets
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 800–80000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–5000 mm |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,140,389Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIGS. 1-5 Attachments: Replacement Sheet 1/5 Replacement Sheet 2/5 Replacement Sheet 3/5 Replacement Sheet 4/5 Replacement Sheet 5/5 Claims What is claimed is: …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
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A g raphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser formed from a graphenebased stee4, comprising: (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area f rom 60 to 2630 m2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is fun c tionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO O H,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -C H 3, -CaC,-YbC 6,--GsI₂ -- C₆₀ H2, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -H F, -F 2, and-NHNH 2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) a microstructure wiaverag grai-sze ranging from 500, to 50 formed by the graphene nanosheets and at-least- one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof; (c) a tubular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the main alloying elements are present in the graphene-based steel in amounts va r ying from 0.01-0.3% Al, 0.01- SVG 14124966.05-13-2015.I₉OEBSKOPXXIFW2.CLM16643438.26.291.2636.2517.2707.svg 0.237 7.42 Graph Black and white Si, 0.1-3.0% W, 0.01-0.1% V, whose contents can vary from specifications of API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X₁₀₀ and X120, 2H, 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, grade Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 2 of 11 BSI 4360, DIN EN 10208-2, or chosen from a different steel specification, accepting additional alloying elements up to 0.8% N, 0.25% Nb, 0.006% Ca, and 0.03% Ti.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein a cross-sectional shape of the tubular geometry is one of circular, elliptical, triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal, [[and]] or another polyhedral geometry.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is derived from the graphene shot in combination with other shot formed from at-eas t one of aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, tungsten, oxides thereo f, and diamond, or a combination thereof.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is further coated with a multifunctional coating layer of thickness between 30 nm and 5.0 mm, wherein the multif u nctional layer is at least one of graphene-based and made by a combination of: i) at-least- one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO 3, MgBr 2, Ca F2, Si O2, Cr O 3, Cr 2O 3, WC, W O 3, W O4, A₁₂O 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is at least one of resistant to corrosion, resistant to chemical attacks, and a thermal insulator; ii) a metal-earth a lu minate doped with a lanthanide ion (L n), comprising MA l20 4:Ln, M₃A l206:Ln, M 4 A₁₁₄ 02s:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca, and wherein the multif un ctional layer is luminescent; and iii) at-leat- one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO 3, Ag, and Au, o r a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is antibacterial.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the carbon content is between 0.01 and 0.20%. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 3 of 11
(Cu rr ently Amended) The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the graphene-based steel further includes 0.17% Si, 0.021% Al, 0.63% N, 0.052% Nb, 0.56% Mn, 0.20% Ni, 0.013% Ti, 0.03% V, 0.13% Mo, 0.12% Cr, 0.002% Cu, and is-Fe-balaneed the remainder Fe.
A method e- manufaer+ing for the production of a g raphene- based steel tube, pipe, or riser fo re frm ±° graphene ba stee l, the method comprising the steps o f: (a) mixing powders in a chemical composition for the graphene-based steel to provide a mixture including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is f u nctionalized by at least one fun ctional group selected f r om the group consisting of -COOH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH,-CH3, -CaC6, -YbC6,--G₀H₁₂ -C 60H2,-OH, -H, -F, -HC l,-HF, -F 2, and -NHNH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) heat treating the mixture obtained in step (a) at a temperature between 1000 and 3773 K to sinter or melt the mixture and produce at least the formation of an austenite phase to provide the graphene-based steel, followed by a cooling of the graphene-based steel; (c) forming a tubular geometry with the graphene-based steel f r om step (b) by e rn e-e f- a cold process [[and]] or a hot process, the tubular geometry having a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; (d) surface finishing the graphene-based steel in the tubular geometry by shot peening a surface of the graphene-based steel with graphene shot.
The method of Claim 24, f u rther comprising [[the]] a step o f covering the shot peened surface with a multifunctional coating layer, the multif u nctional layer having a thickness between 30 m n and 5.0 mm and formed f r om at least one of graphene and a combination of: at-least one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO3, MgBr 2, CaF 2, SiO2, Cr O3, Cr 20 3, WC, WO 3, W O4, A 120 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof; a metal-earth aluminate doped with Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 4 of 11 lanthanide ions (Ln), comprising MA 1204:Ln, M₃A 12O6:Ln, M₄A₁₁₄ 025:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca; and at least one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBNi TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO3, Ag, and Au.
The method of Claim 24, further comprising the step of perfo rm ing the nanof un ctionalization of the graphene nanosheets before their addition to the chemical composition, the nanofunctionalization including a heat treatment between 120 and 400 ±°C.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the concentration of the main alloying elements in step (a) are selected from one of following specifications: API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X 100, X120, 2H, or 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, BSI 4360 grade, and DIN EN 10208-2.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The method of Claim 24, wherein step (a) further i nludes accepts adding a supplementary alloying element including at-±°east-ene-ef -99-9-8 % up to 0.8% N, 909-0-25% 0.25% Nb, 90-0:986%-0.006% Ca, andh 0.-9.3%- or 0.03% Ti.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the graphene-based steel has a microstructure w average grai n size rni frm 50 n form ed by the graphene nanosheets and-a t-le- ast one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the sintering or melting of the powder mixture in step (b) is started from en e-e4 a solid phase [[and]] or a liquid phase.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is made by at-east one of lamination, extrusion, forging, drawing, deep drawing, stretching, bending, shear, puckering, machining, casting, spinning, and injection molding, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is one of seamless or seamed, with a region of one of elastic and plastic defo r mation.
A method for the use of a graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser for conve y ing transpe4atien-ef petroleu m, gas or biofuels in onshore or offshore systems, the method comprising the steps of: providing [[a]] t h e tube, pipe, or riser formed from [[a]] t he graphene-based steel, including (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 m, and wherein the graphene is functionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO OH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -CH3, -CaC 6, -YbC 6,--G01H -- C₆Hz, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -HF, -F 2, and -N NH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel, (b) a microstructure with-average grain si-ze ramgi g-from-nm-,,,+0-m-,form ed by the graphene nanosheets and at 4eas t one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe₃C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] o r a combination thereof, (c) a tu bular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm, and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot; and Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 6 of 11 using the tube, pipe, or riser for the drilling, completion, production, injection or exportation of the petroleum, gas or biof u els, or as geo-markers of distance and depth of submarine water.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is used as part of: a pipeline; a gas pipeline; a rigid or flexible riser; a submarine connection; a tubular connections in a "T", "J", "L", "H" or "U" shape; a machined thread; a subsea component; a column; a submarine facility; a water well; an oil storage tank; a st ru cture of oil production; a drilling platfo rm; a semi-submersible; an accommodation; a helipad; an umbilical; a component of a ship and oil tanker; a tower; a covered platform; [[and]] o r a mobile offshore drilling unit.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is sectioned to provide standardized or non-standardized specimen (SP) samples for mechanical tests to evaluate structural integrity with at least one of the following features: pre-crack, specimen width of 55 mm; distance between axis of holes for loading pins of 114 mm; radius of curvature of SP of 10 mm; wall width of 32 mm; distance from the SP edge to the center of the h o les of 31 mm; straight section to the center of the hole equal to 19 mm; length of the base of 50 mm; total SP length equal to 176 mm; straight section to the crack center equal to 28 mm; radius of curvature of the base equal to 10 mm; [[a nd]] or specimen thic l ess between 2.0 and 15 mm. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 7 of 11
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-based steel
graphene nanosheets
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 800–80000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–5000 mm |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,140,389Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIGS. 1-5 Attachments: Replacement Sheet 1/5 Replacement Sheet 2/5 Replacement Sheet 3/5 Replacement Sheet 4/5 Replacement Sheet 5/5 Claims What is claimed is: …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
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A g raphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser formed from a graphenebased stee4, comprising: (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area f rom 60 to 2630 m2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is fun c tionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO O H,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -C H 3, -CaC,-YbC 6,--GsI₂ -- C₆₀ H2, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -H F, -F 2, and-NHNH 2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) a microstructure wiaverag grai-sze ranging from 500, to 50 formed by the graphene nanosheets and at-least- one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof; (c) a tubular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the main alloying elements are present in the graphene-based steel in amounts va r ying from 0.01-0.3% Al, 0.01- SVG 14124966.05-13-2015.I₉OEBSKOPXXIFW2.CLM16643438.26.291.2636.2517.2707.svg 0.237 7.42 Graph Black and white Si, 0.1-3.0% W, 0.01-0.1% V, whose contents can vary from specifications of API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X₁₀₀ and X120, 2H, 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, grade Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 2 of 11 BSI 4360, DIN EN 10208-2, or chosen from a different steel specification, accepting additional alloying elements up to 0.8% N, 0.25% Nb, 0.006% Ca, and 0.03% Ti.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein a cross-sectional shape of the tubular geometry is one of circular, elliptical, triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal, [[and]] or another polyhedral geometry.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is derived from the graphene shot in combination with other shot formed from at-eas t one of aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, tungsten, oxides thereo f, and diamond, or a combination thereof.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the shot peened surface is further coated with a multifunctional coating layer of thickness between 30 nm and 5.0 mm, wherein the multif u nctional layer is at least one of graphene-based and made by a combination of: i) at-least- one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO 3, MgBr 2, Ca F2, Si O2, Cr O 3, Cr 2O 3, WC, W O 3, W O4, A₁₂O 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is at least one of resistant to corrosion, resistant to chemical attacks, and a thermal insulator; ii) a metal-earth a lu minate doped with a lanthanide ion (L n), comprising MA l20 4:Ln, M₃A l206:Ln, M 4 A₁₁₄ 02s:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca, and wherein the multif un ctional layer is luminescent; and iii) at-leat- one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO 3, Ag, and Au, o r a combination thereof, wherein the multifunctional layer is antibacterial.
The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the carbon content is between 0.01 and 0.20%. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 3 of 11
(Cu rr ently Amended) The tube, pipe, or riser of Claim 17, wherein the graphene-based steel further includes 0.17% Si, 0.021% Al, 0.63% N, 0.052% Nb, 0.56% Mn, 0.20% Ni, 0.013% Ti, 0.03% V, 0.13% Mo, 0.12% Cr, 0.002% Cu, and is-Fe-balaneed the remainder Fe.
A method e- manufaer+ing for the production of a g raphene- based steel tube, pipe, or riser fo re frm ±° graphene ba stee l, the method comprising the steps o f: (a) mixing powders in a chemical composition for the graphene-based steel to provide a mixture including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 p m, and wherein the graphene is f u nctionalized by at least one fun ctional group selected f r om the group consisting of -COOH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH,-CH3, -CaC6, -YbC6,--G₀H₁₂ -C 60H2,-OH, -H, -F, -HC l,-HF, -F 2, and -NHNH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel; (b) heat treating the mixture obtained in step (a) at a temperature between 1000 and 3773 K to sinter or melt the mixture and produce at least the formation of an austenite phase to provide the graphene-based steel, followed by a cooling of the graphene-based steel; (c) forming a tubular geometry with the graphene-based steel f r om step (b) by e rn e-e f- a cold process [[and]] or a hot process, the tubular geometry having a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm; (d) surface finishing the graphene-based steel in the tubular geometry by shot peening a surface of the graphene-based steel with graphene shot.
The method of Claim 24, f u rther comprising [[the]] a step o f covering the shot peened surface with a multifunctional coating layer, the multif u nctional layer having a thickness between 30 m n and 5.0 mm and formed f r om at least one of graphene and a combination of: at-least one of ZrN, CrN, VC, Li₃BO3, MgBr 2, CaF 2, SiO2, Cr O3, Cr 20 3, WC, WO 3, W O4, A 120 3, and diamond, or a combination thereof; a metal-earth aluminate doped with Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 4 of 11 lanthanide ions (Ln), comprising MA 1204:Ln, M₃A 12O6:Ln, M₄A₁₁₄ 025:Ln, wherein M is one of Be, Mg, Sr, Ba and Ca; and at least one of TiN, TiA l N, TiC, TiCN, TiBNi TiB 2, TiO 2, AgNO3, Ag, and Au.
The method of Claim 24, further comprising the step of perfo rm ing the nanof un ctionalization of the graphene nanosheets before their addition to the chemical composition, the nanofunctionalization including a heat treatment between 120 and 400 ±°C.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the concentration of the main alloying elements in step (a) are selected from one of following specifications: API 5 L X50, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X90, X 100, X120, 2H, or 2Y, AISI 1010, 1020, 1040, 1080, 1095, A36, A516, A440, A633, A656, 4063, 4340, 6150, ASTM A₂₈₅ grade, A387, A515, A516, A517, BSI 4360 grade, and DIN EN 10208-2.
(Cu rr ently Amended) The method of Claim 24, wherein step (a) further i nludes accepts adding a supplementary alloying element including at-±°east-ene-ef -99-9-8 % up to 0.8% N, 909-0-25% 0.25% Nb, 90-0:986%-0.006% Ca, andh 0.-9.3%- or 0.03% Ti.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the graphene-based steel has a microstructure w average grai n size rni frm 50 n form ed by the graphene nanosheets and-a t-le- ast one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe 3 C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the sintering or melting of the powder mixture in step (b) is started from en e-e4 a solid phase [[and]] or a liquid phase.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is made by at-east one of lamination, extrusion, forging, drawing, deep drawing, stretching, bending, shear, puckering, machining, casting, spinning, and injection molding, [[and]] or a combination thereof.
The method of Claim 24, wherein the tubular geometry is one of seamless or seamed, with a region of one of elastic and plastic defo r mation.
A method for the use of a graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser for conve y ing transpe4atien-ef petroleu m, gas or biofuels in onshore or offshore systems, the method comprising the steps of: providing [[a]] t h e tube, pipe, or riser formed from [[a]] t he graphene-based steel, including (a) the graphene-based steel having a chemical composition including graphene, the graphene providing a carbon content between 0.01 and 21.0%, wherein all percentages are by weight relative to a total weight of the graphene-based steel, the graphene in a form of nanosheets with a surface area from 60 to 2630 m 2/g and lateral size between 3.0 and 100 m, and wherein the graphene is functionalized by at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of -CO OH,-NO, -NH2, -CN, -CCH, -CH3, -CaC 6, -YbC 6,--G01H -- C₆Hz, -OH, -H, -F, -HC l, -HF, -F 2, and -N NH2, and linked to main alloying elements or Fe atoms of the graphene-based steel, (b) a microstructure with-average grain si-ze ramgi g-from-nm-,,,+0-m-,form ed by the graphene nanosheets and at 4eas t one of ferrite, austenite, iron carbide (Fe₃C), perlite, martensite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and graphite, [[and]] o r a combination thereof, (c) a tu bular geometry with a wall thickness between 800 nm and 80 mm, and an outer diameter ranging between 10 and 5000 mm, and (d) a shot peened surface derived from graphene shot; and Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 6 of 11 using the tube, pipe, or riser for the drilling, completion, production, injection or exportation of the petroleum, gas or biof u els, or as geo-markers of distance and depth of submarine water.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is used as part of: a pipeline; a gas pipeline; a rigid or flexible riser; a submarine connection; a tubular connections in a "T", "J", "L", "H" or "U" shape; a machined thread; a subsea component; a column; a submarine facility; a water well; an oil storage tank; a st ru cture of oil production; a drilling platfo rm; a semi-submersible; an accommodation; a helipad; an umbilical; a component of a ship and oil tanker; a tower; a covered platform; [[and]] o r a mobile offshore drilling unit.
The method of Claim 34, wherein the tube, pipe, or riser is sectioned to provide standardized or non-standardized specimen (SP) samples for mechanical tests to evaluate structural integrity with at least one of the following features: pre-crack, specimen width of 55 mm; distance between axis of holes for loading pins of 114 mm; radius of curvature of SP of 10 mm; wall width of 32 mm; distance from the SP edge to the center of the h o les of 31 mm; straight section to the center of the hole equal to 19 mm; length of the base of 50 mm; total SP length equal to 176 mm; straight section to the crack center equal to 28 mm; radius of curvature of the base equal to 10 mm; [[a nd]] or specimen thic l ess between 2.0 and 15 mm. Serial No. 14/124,966 Page 7 of 11
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
graphene-based steel tube, pipe, or riser
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-based steel
graphene nanosheets
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 800–80000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–5000 mm |
iron carbide
Fe₃C
ferrite
austenite
carbon nanotubes
nanodiamond
fullerenes
graphite
multifunctional coating (corrosion/thermal barrier)
metal-earth aluminate doped with lanthanide ion (luminescent layer)
antibacterial coating (TiN, TiAlN, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB2, TiO2, AgNO3, Ag, Au)
| — |
Thickness | 30–5000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 1000–3773 K | — |
Thickness | 2–15 mm | — |
iron carbide
Fe₃C
ferrite
austenite
carbon nanotubes
nanodiamond
fullerenes
graphite
multifunctional coating (corrosion/thermal barrier)
metal-earth aluminate doped with lanthanide ion (luminescent layer)
antibacterial coating (TiN, TiAlN, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB2, TiO2, AgNO3, Ag, Au)
| — |
Thickness | 30–5000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 1000–3773 K | — |
Thickness | 2–15 mm | — |
iron carbide
Fe₃C
ferrite
austenite
carbon nanotubes
nanodiamond
fullerenes
graphite
multifunctional coating (corrosion/thermal barrier)
metal-earth aluminate doped with lanthanide ion (luminescent layer)
antibacterial coating (TiN, TiAlN, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB2, TiO2, AgNO3, Ag, Au)
| — |
Thickness | 30–5000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 1000–3773 K | — |
Thickness | 2–15 mm | — |
iron carbide
Fe₃C
ferrite
austenite
carbon nanotubes
nanodiamond
fullerenes
graphite
multifunctional coating (corrosion/thermal barrier)
metal-earth aluminate doped with lanthanide ion (luminescent layer)
antibacterial coating (TiN, TiAlN, TiC, TiCN, TiBN, TiB2, TiO2, AgNO3, Ag, Au)
| — |
Thickness | 30–5000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 1000–3773 K | — |
Thickness | 2–15 mm | — |
