Graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) was spray dried using a BUCHI Mini Spray Dryer B-290 with a pneumatic nozzle (1 mm diameter) at 50 psi gas pressure and 2.74 mL/min feed rate. Inlet temperature ~120°C, aspirator at 100%, air as drying gas. Granules were separated by cyclone separator. Resulting granules had dimensions ~1-2 µm with corrugated three-dimensional morphology and BET surface area ~394 m²/g.

Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) at 5 mg/mL was added to the graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) and spray dried under the same conditions as the unmodified dispersion. The resulting granules were more highly corrugated than those produced without NH₄HCO3. The structural modifier decomposes during spray drying due to its low decomposition temperature, leaving no contamination.

Granules prepared without structural modifier were thermally reduced at 220°C under helium atmosphere for 12 hours. Granules turned black after reduction, indicating transformation of graphene oxide to graphene. Reduced granules retained similar morphology to pre-reduction granules. Reduced granules were then combined with a binder to form supercapacitor electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance cycling, and Ragone plot characterization were performed.

Graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) was spray dried using a BUCHI Mini Spray Dryer B-290 with a pneumatic nozzle (1 mm diameter) at 50 psi gas pressure and 2.74 mL/min feed rate. Inlet temperature ~120°C, aspirator at 100%, air as drying gas. Granules were separated by cyclone separator. Resulting granules had dimensions ~1-2 µm with corrugated three-dimensional morphology and BET surface area ~394 m²/g.

Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) at 5 mg/mL was added to the graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) and spray dried under the same conditions as the unmodified dispersion. The resulting granules were more highly corrugated than those produced without NH₄HCO3. The structural modifier decomposes during spray drying due to its low decomposition temperature, leaving no contamination.

Granules prepared without structural modifier were thermally reduced at 220°C under helium atmosphere for 12 hours. Granules turned black after reduction, indicating transformation of graphene oxide to graphene. Reduced granules retained similar morphology to pre-reduction granules. Reduced granules were then combined with a binder to form supercapacitor electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance cycling, and Ragone plot characterization were performed.

Graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) was spray dried using a BUCHI Mini Spray Dryer B-290 with a pneumatic nozzle (1 mm diameter) at 50 psi gas pressure and 2.74 mL/min feed rate. Inlet temperature ~120°C, aspirator at 100%, air as drying gas. Granules were separated by cyclone separator. Resulting granules had dimensions ~1-2 µm with corrugated three-dimensional morphology and BET surface area ~394 m²/g.

Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) at 5 mg/mL was added to the graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) and spray dried under the same conditions as the unmodified dispersion. The resulting granules were more highly corrugated than those produced without NH₄HCO3. The structural modifier decomposes during spray drying due to its low decomposition temperature, leaving no contamination.

Granules prepared without structural modifier were thermally reduced at 220°C under helium atmosphere for 12 hours. Granules turned black after reduction, indicating transformation of graphene oxide to graphene. Reduced granules retained similar morphology to pre-reduction granules. Reduced granules were then combined with a binder to form supercapacitor electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance cycling, and Ragone plot characterization were performed.

Graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) was spray dried using a BUCHI Mini Spray Dryer B-290 with a pneumatic nozzle (1 mm diameter) at 50 psi gas pressure and 2.74 mL/min feed rate. Inlet temperature ~120°C, aspirator at 100%, air as drying gas. Granules were separated by cyclone separator. Resulting granules had dimensions ~1-2 µm with corrugated three-dimensional morphology and BET surface area ~394 m²/g.

Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) at 5 mg/mL was added to the graphene oxide dispersion (5 mg/mL) and spray dried under the same conditions as the unmodified dispersion. The resulting granules were more highly corrugated than those produced without NH₄HCO3. The structural modifier decomposes during spray drying due to its low decomposition temperature, leaving no contamination.

Granules prepared without structural modifier were thermally reduced at 220°C under helium atmosphere for 12 hours. Granules turned black after reduction, indicating transformation of graphene oxide to graphene. Reduced granules retained similar morphology to pre-reduction granules. Reduced granules were then combined with a binder to form supercapacitor electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance cycling, and Ragone plot characterization were performed.