An apparatus comprising: an input port; an output port; one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide for a change from an input voltage at the input port to an output voltage at the output port; and one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors provide smoothing to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to chan g e a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A method comprising: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one processor, the at least one memory, and the computer program code configured to cause the apparatus to at least: determine a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: 6 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant, configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrateand wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A method comprising: determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and 7 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to 8 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

An apparatus comprising: an input port; an output port; one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide for a change from an input voltage at the input port to an output voltage at the output port; and one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors provide smoothing to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to chan g e a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A method comprising: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one processor, the at least one memory, and the computer program code configured to cause the apparatus to at least: determine a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: 6 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant, configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrateand wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A method comprising: determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and 7 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to 8 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

An apparatus comprising: an input port; an output port; one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide for a change from an input voltage at the input port to an output voltage at the output port; and one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors provide smoothing to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to chan g e a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A method comprising: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one processor, the at least one memory, and the computer program code configured to cause the apparatus to at least: determine a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: 6 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant, configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrateand wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A method comprising: determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and 7 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to 8 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

An apparatus comprising: an input port; an output port; one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide for a change from an input voltage at the input port to an output voltage at the output port; and one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors provide smoothing to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to chan g e a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A method comprising: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

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A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one processor, the at least one memory, and the computer program code configured to cause the apparatus to at least: determine a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: 6 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant, configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrateand wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A method comprising: determining a bias voltage to a graphene capacitor to provide smoothing to an output voltage at an output port, the graphene capacitor having a quantum capacitance that is dependent on at least the output voltage, the bias voltage determined based on at least: an input voltage at an input port, the output voltage, and one or more parameters of one or more voltage regulator circuit components configured to provide a change from the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the smoothing to the output voltage is provided at least by loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the graphene capacitor during a load period of the one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and 7 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to change a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.

A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, perform at least the following: receiving an input voltage at an input port; changing the input voltage to an output voltage at an output port; smoothing the output voltage using one or more graphene capacitors, the one or more graphene capacitors configured to have a quantum capacitance that is dependent on the output voltage; and providing smoothing of the output voltage by at least loading a kinetic energy of one or more charge carriers into in the one or more graphene capacitors during a load period of one or more voltage regulator circuit components, wherein the one or more graphene capacitors have a substrate dopant configured to cha n ge a Fermi level relative to an un-doped substrate, and wherein the substrate dopant and an amount of the substrate dopant are selected at design time to map distributed throughout a substrate for the one or more graphene capacitors is selected to 8 Application No. 12/976,854 Attorney Docket No. 39700-822F 0 1US/NC₇₄₂₄₄US Reply to Office Action of produce a predetermined relationship between the quantum capacitance and a voltage across the one or more graphene capacitors.