FIG. 1 B is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based mate ri al comp ri sing a plurality of functional groups, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based material, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 3A-3B are schematic depictions of a method of applying …

FIG. 3B, application of the voltage from the electrode 306 to the carbon-based mate ri al 106 caused the carbon-based material 106 to expand. In some …

FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a Meisenheimer complex, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a functional group comprising an activated carbonyl group and a species …

FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a 1,2-di o l group, in …

FIG. 7 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent b ond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a dicarb o xylic acid …

FIG. 8 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond by a Diels-Alder reaction, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 9-10 are …

FIG. 9. In this scheme, applying a high reducing potential to HOPG results in TBA intercalati o n between the graphene sheets. The solvent employed may affect …

FIG. 10, have varying degrees of io n intercalati o n and intersheet spacing. Since the electr o migrati o n of the la rger molecule TBA + in graphene …

FIG. 11 is a pl o t showing X-ray diffraction data from carbon-based materials, in accordance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 12 sh ows a micrograph of a carbon-based mate ri al, a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, and X-ray …

FIG. 14 is a schematic depicti o n of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 15). N o trace of n-Bu sN was observed in this case. This may indicate that TBA * decomposition did not occur on the surface of GIC and that the …

FIG. 16 shows current as a function of voltage for a carbon-based mate ri al and photographs of some carbon-based mate ri als, in accordance with some …

FIG. 17 shows data from some carbon-based materials, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 18-20 show Raman data from s o me carbon-based materials, in …

FIG. 21 sh ows X-ray diffraction data f ro m a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 22 shows a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based mate ri al and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy data from some …

FIG. 23 shows ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, according to so me embodiments;

FIG. 24 sh ows micrographs of s o me carbon-based materials, according to s ome embodiments;

FIG. 25). The smaller sizes observed in the AFM are believed to likely be the result of larger graphenes being removed by centrifugal force experienced with …

FIG. 26 shows a schematic depiction of a Meisenheimer complex, photographs of some carbon-based materials, and UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based …

FIG. 27 shows UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments; and

FIG. 28 shows a schematic depicti o n of a functi o nalized carbon-based material acting as a surfactant, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments.

FIG. 1 B is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based mate ri al comp ri sing a plurality of functional groups, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based material, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 3A-3B are schematic depictions of a method of applying …

FIG. 3B, application of the voltage from the electrode 306 to the carbon-based mate ri al 106 caused the carbon-based material 106 to expand. In some …

FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a Meisenheimer complex, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a functional group comprising an activated carbonyl group and a species …

FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a 1,2-di o l group, in …

FIG. 7 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent b ond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a dicarb o xylic acid …

FIG. 8 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond by a Diels-Alder reaction, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 9-10 are …

FIG. 9. In this scheme, applying a high reducing potential to HOPG results in TBA intercalati o n between the graphene sheets. The solvent employed may affect …

FIG. 10, have varying degrees of io n intercalati o n and intersheet spacing. Since the electr o migrati o n of the la rger molecule TBA + in graphene …

FIG. 11 is a pl o t showing X-ray diffraction data from carbon-based materials, in accordance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 12 sh ows a micrograph of a carbon-based mate ri al, a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, and X-ray …

FIG. 14 is a schematic depicti o n of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 15). N o trace of n-Bu sN was observed in this case. This may indicate that TBA * decomposition did not occur on the surface of GIC and that the …

FIG. 16 shows current as a function of voltage for a carbon-based mate ri al and photographs of some carbon-based mate ri als, in accordance with some …

FIG. 17 shows data from some carbon-based materials, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 18-20 show Raman data from s o me carbon-based materials, in …

FIG. 21 sh ows X-ray diffraction data f ro m a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 22 shows a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based mate ri al and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy data from some …

FIG. 23 shows ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, according to so me embodiments;

FIG. 24 sh ows micrographs of s o me carbon-based materials, according to s ome embodiments;

FIG. 25). The smaller sizes observed in the AFM are believed to likely be the result of larger graphenes being removed by centrifugal force experienced with …

FIG. 26 shows a schematic depiction of a Meisenheimer complex, photographs of some carbon-based materials, and UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based …

FIG. 27 shows UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments; and

FIG. 28 shows a schematic depicti o n of a functi o nalized carbon-based material acting as a surfactant, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments.

FIG. 1 B is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based mate ri al comp ri sing a plurality of functional groups, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based material, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 3A-3B are schematic depictions of a method of applying …

FIG. 3B, application of the voltage from the electrode 306 to the carbon-based mate ri al 106 caused the carbon-based material 106 to expand. In some …

FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a Meisenheimer complex, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a functional group comprising an activated carbonyl group and a species …

FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a 1,2-di o l group, in …

FIG. 7 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent b ond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a dicarb o xylic acid …

FIG. 8 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond by a Diels-Alder reaction, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 9-10 are …

FIG. 9. In this scheme, applying a high reducing potential to HOPG results in TBA intercalati o n between the graphene sheets. The solvent employed may affect …

FIG. 10, have varying degrees of io n intercalati o n and intersheet spacing. Since the electr o migrati o n of the la rger molecule TBA + in graphene …

FIG. 11 is a pl o t showing X-ray diffraction data from carbon-based materials, in accordance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 12 sh ows a micrograph of a carbon-based mate ri al, a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, and X-ray …

FIG. 14 is a schematic depicti o n of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 15). N o trace of n-Bu sN was observed in this case. This may indicate that TBA * decomposition did not occur on the surface of GIC and that the …

FIG. 16 shows current as a function of voltage for a carbon-based mate ri al and photographs of some carbon-based mate ri als, in accordance with some …

FIG. 17 shows data from some carbon-based materials, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 18-20 show Raman data from s o me carbon-based materials, in …

FIG. 21 sh ows X-ray diffraction data f ro m a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 22 shows a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based mate ri al and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy data from some …

FIG. 23 shows ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, according to so me embodiments;

FIG. 24 sh ows micrographs of s o me carbon-based materials, according to s ome embodiments;

FIG. 25). The smaller sizes observed in the AFM are believed to likely be the result of larger graphenes being removed by centrifugal force experienced with …

FIG. 26 shows a schematic depiction of a Meisenheimer complex, photographs of some carbon-based materials, and UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based …

FIG. 27 shows UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments; and

FIG. 28 shows a schematic depicti o n of a functi o nalized carbon-based material acting as a surfactant, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments.

FIG. 1 B is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based mate ri al comp ri sing a plurality of functional groups, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of a carbon-based material, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 3A-3B are schematic depictions of a method of applying …

FIG. 3B, application of the voltage from the electrode 306 to the carbon-based mate ri al 106 caused the carbon-based material 106 to expand. In some …

FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a Meisenheimer complex, in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a functional group comprising an activated carbonyl group and a species …

FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a 1,2-di o l group, in …

FIG. 7 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent b ond between a b oro nic acid group and a species comprising a dicarb o xylic acid …

FIG. 8 is a schematic depiction of the formation of a reversible covalent bond by a Diels-Alder reaction, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 9-10 are …

FIG. 9. In this scheme, applying a high reducing potential to HOPG results in TBA intercalati o n between the graphene sheets. The solvent employed may affect …

FIG. 10, have varying degrees of io n intercalati o n and intersheet spacing. Since the electr o migrati o n of the la rger molecule TBA + in graphene …

FIG. 11 is a pl o t showing X-ray diffraction data from carbon-based materials, in accordance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 12 sh ows a micrograph of a carbon-based mate ri al, a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, and X-ray …

FIG. 14 is a schematic depicti o n of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 15). N o trace of n-Bu sN was observed in this case. This may indicate that TBA * decomposition did not occur on the surface of GIC and that the …

FIG. 16 shows current as a function of voltage for a carbon-based mate ri al and photographs of some carbon-based mate ri als, in accordance with some …

FIG. 17 shows data from some carbon-based materials, in accordance with some embodiments; FIG s. 18-20 show Raman data from s o me carbon-based materials, in …

FIG. 21 sh ows X-ray diffraction data f ro m a carbon-based material, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments;

FIG. 22 shows a schematic depiction of a method of intercalating a species into a carbon-based mate ri al and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy data from some …

FIG. 23 shows ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, according to so me embodiments;

FIG. 24 sh ows micrographs of s o me carbon-based materials, according to s ome embodiments;

FIG. 25). The smaller sizes observed in the AFM are believed to likely be the result of larger graphenes being removed by centrifugal force experienced with …

FIG. 26 shows a schematic depiction of a Meisenheimer complex, photographs of some carbon-based materials, and UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based …

FIG. 27 shows UV-vis and ATR-FTIR data from some carbon-based materials, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments; and

FIG. 28 shows a schematic depicti o n of a functi o nalized carbon-based material acting as a surfactant, in acc o rdance with s o me embodiments.